Ancient Religion vs Modern Religion Essay

There are many differences between an ancient religious viewpoint of the Greeks and Romans and a modern world religion viewpoint. I feel that the most distinguishing difference and the difference that I feel makes the biggest impact is that in a modern world religion society believers say there is one God or that the religions today are monotheistic, whereas in the ancient religions we have studied in class citizens say and believe there are multiple gods or were polytheistic. For example the Greeks believed in twelve gods such as Zeus, Poseidon, Apollo, and Artemis. They all had names other than just God. This difference is obviously very apparent. In the ancient Greek religion there are gods for everything including grain, the moon, and the underworld; of these gods one is more powerful than the others but they have all power. For each element of the world they lived in, there was a god assigned to each. These gods were both male and female, had relationships with each other, and many had equal power. I like the idea that a specific god was worshipped for each separate element and piece of their world, and not just one god was worshipped for everything. I feel it made the society stronger and more balanced. Today in Christianity and other modern religions, it is believed there is one God who rules all. He created everything, hears all things, sees all things, and basically is everywhere. In ancient religion, the gods were both male and female. This showed that both males and females had power and it was believed that both genders were capable of creating, and worth worshipping. Versus Christianity, where the God is simply a male, and there is no woman god. The worship of many gods meant that the citizens of ancient worlds understood that one person or being should not hold all of the power and that power should be equal. It provided a balance to the society. Today in religion all of the power rests on one being. This just seems silly. In ancient religion it was spread among many beings. This difference leads to other differences between ancient religions and modern world religions. One other difference is that today God has to be everywhere and has to be all knowing. In ancient religions the gods lived on Olympus, woods, and other scared places. They were scattered throughout the world to ensure that the world functioned properly. Another difference I feel comes from the difference in being monotheistic and polytheistic is that today God is pure and has a wholesome character that is essentially perfect with good morals. God does not have imperfections like humans do. But in ancient religion the gods had the personalities of humans and were not so perfect. This difference I think attributes that humans don’t know why God behaves the way he does or does the things he does, but when the ancient gods would act like humans, they knew why, they shared the same emotions and personalities. For example Demeter felt the pain of loss when Persephone went to the underworld, this is indeed similar to the sadness a woman gets when she can’t have children or when all of her children have left the nest. One more difference that arises between modern world religions and ancient religions is that today God is abstract and must be all things to all people and is seen as a parent to protect humans. In ancient religions the many gods were seen more as divine beings who just made the earth better but frequently punished the humans and well didn’t really like the mortals. One final difference between modern world religions and ancient religions is that in a modern religion God created nature and can control nature but is never nature. God is never the sun, he is never the rivers. In ancient world religions the gods were nature, and they controlled nature as well. Ancient gods are sometimes seen as a personification of different elements of nature itself. The most important difference among the ancient religions and modern world religions is that ancient religions were mostly polytheistic and modern world religions are monotheistic. This main difference creates many more differences among the religions of different periods and creates a boundary that is clearly drawn between the religions of the ancient world and modern world religions. The gods of ancient worlds reflect the humans’ personalities, thoughts, and the balance of power they strive for in the world, and God represents perfection, good morals, and everything humans wish they could be. This main difference is fundamentally the difference that builds and creates other differences between ancient religions and modern world religions.

Icons and Iconoclasm in the 15th Century Byzantine Era

Icons of the Byzantine era cater to the simplistic thread of art, in that they are made largely of materials already available during the 15th century, such as wood, marble and precious metals. The term simplistic could also refer to the fact that they don't really invite much scrutiny at first glance and the non-discerning viewer is more likely to simply shrug his shoulders and leave. However, icons hold more weight than they seem. In the 15th century, icons were used as symbols of the divine family and their tribulations [Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, the crucifixion, etc.].The purpose of which were to convey a story, a biblical truth, a teaching and, more spiritually, a gateway to heaven. The Virgin Eleousa (see Appendix), for instance, which was created in the early Byzantine days, depicts a serene-looking Virgin Mary with the child Jesus on her chest, as if to stress an emotion of great joy and happiness for His birth. Icons at the time were more than just visual aids. They wer e windows into the life and times of Christ and acted as middle grounders, or representatives, of the Divine here on earth.Hence, people kneel in front of icons in veneration, not because they worship the object itself, but because they feel a deep sense of gratitude and awe with what it represents. People venerate the Icon with Virgin Eleousa because it brings to form the Sacred Virgin's consummate motherhood and love for her child and for the rest of humankind. Debate has sprung that iconoclasm is some sort of idol worship. Supporters of icons reject this, again, stressing that while believers place much reverence over the earthly, man-made figures, it is the spiritual sense of the objects that is prime above all things.

Business -Marketing Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business -Marketing Executive Summary - Essay Example Growth rate trends are in excess of 6 to 8%, especially in the later category. A feature of this traffic is the high component of the younger age group, the travel purpose being job related, while tourists and students make up bulk of the balance. Travel by middle class families, who are conscious of stretching their dollars to the limit on job and sight-seeing, is being witnessed. Baggage allowance rules vary between the regions – while some countries restrict the number and size of the bags, others adopt limits on overall checked-in weight. Thus travelers have to be prepared for both contingencies! During peak seasons, baggage restrictions cause severe inconvenience, apart from costs, if one is not within the prescribed limits. The current practice of weighing either the individual pieces of luggage before packing or packing / weighing and repacking, is back-breaking indeed, and is one of the most stressful events before a family travel! In the absence of proper weigh scales at home, one is in for nasty surprises at the check-in counters. Taking this opportunity Samsonite is introducing its new product idea – bags with removable built-in digital weigh scales – an innovation extension to the existing product range. We call it ‘Samsonite Weigh-IT’, keeping the customer profile in mind. The idea itself is not completely new since competitors like Ricardo Beverly Hills have already introduced similar products with good success. Thus it will be a variation of an already established product, which is in its growth phase and can be confidently expected to gain more and more customers in the next 5 years. Unlike the Ricardo fixed type scale with its potential for damage during airport handling and travel time, our product will be ‘plug-in’ type removable after checking weight. This will be its USP. Samsonite’s innovative design capabilities and worldwide

Are science and religion in conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Are science and religion in conflict - Essay Example Modern science began taking its true shape in the 16th century, while religion was around for a much longer period. The relation between these two great forces at times proved to be confusing, many-faceted and tumultuous.The real authority of religion lies on person or tradition or books. Truth behind religion is treated as universal and eternal, essentially a question of faith, and widely accepted and not challenged or questioned in general. In case of science, the authority is based on evidence and reasons. It is always open to challenges, it tries to arrive at a conclusion to a question by findings and evidences and application of pure logic. The most significant question that is answered in this paper is whether science and religion are at conflict or at concord. (Religion and Science, 2010)Science made it possible for human beings to have a different outlook, where questions are asked and attempts are made to answer them. But religion always remained unquestionable to all. For e xample, when it comes to the precious gift of life, it is argued whether it has been designed by the almighty or just emerged from evolution – that can be explained by science by putting forward various scientific theories. Christianity lies at the forefront of Western Civilization, which at times has been successful in discarding the scientific rationale behind the evolution of life. The undeniable and reasonable explanations of science often challenge religious ideas – the later is an expression of social emotion and as such much more sensitive. Science indicates advancement in terms of progressive thinking for the betterment of life but religion remains as a faith, deeply rooted in the society and the minds of many human beings (Padgett, 2007). In terms of the fundaments and the basic essence science and religion are in conflict. Part Two – Argument A number of philosophical, scientific and historical evidences demonstrate that the two concepts of science and religion are often in conflict with one another. Science is the study of the nature based mainly on evidences, whereas religion deals with faith, the powers of deity. So it can be said that one is dealing with faith and the other is dealing with logic often lead to contradiction of ideas. In the case of the â€Å"Galileo affair†, the acceptance of geocentric model by the Roman Catholic churches and their consequent opposition to heliocentrism which resulted in the death of the great philosopher and scientist is a burning example of the conflict between science and religion that occurred ages back. The concept clashed with the religious story of Joshua, but his antecedent Copernicus found more evidence and tried hard to prove it but little acceptance was possible at that point of time as this was a contradiction to the concepts preached by the churches (Levinson, 2006, pp.423-424). Another example that highlights this tension is the burning in the stakes of Giordano Bruno, be cause of his insistence on the correctness of heliocentric model of the universe. Again as per Charles Darwin’s epochal on the origin of the species, three important features were pointed out by him – common ancestry, specification through variation and natural selection. Being in contradiction to the preaching of the biblical authority, the theologians rejected to accept Darwin’s ideas. The concept of ‘survival of the fittest’ was seen as an undercutting to morality in human relation. Contrary to the popular opinion, it was found that the religious leaders were divided among themselves on the reception to Darwinism. A number of religious minded leaders supported Darwin as his theories were consistent to the Biblical teachings of mankind have a common ancestor. But the conservative theologian continued with their version, and could never agree to the concept that human race evolved from beasts. This conflict in accepting the

Family nursing diagnoses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family nursing diagnoses - Essay Example The X family united 10 years ago through a family friend. The blended family also lives with JK’s brother who assisted her in parenting the two kids (PT and MM). The two parents in X family hold various positions in the society as JK is a social worker while ST is a retired serviceman. The children in X family have an age difference of 3 years with close bounds to JK who is the mother. MM is a first born girl in the family who helps the family meet the daily needs by working at a local restaurant. PT is a second born boy child who studies at a local college within the environments of the X family. The family’s description is a closely related association as every family member works towards improving the family life. Jean Watson’s theory focuses on the holistic provision of human caring services related to a given public. The defining pillars of the theory focus majorly on caring transactions based on caring relationship that is effective for public health. As such, the patient care is of central focus defining the relationship between a member of a given society and the medical practitioner specifically the nurse. Human services are of significance under Jean Watson’s theory due to the elaborated action plan of public health contentment. The theory also is noteworthy in public health due to the specifications on personal health by the nursing professionals. The interaction segment provides moral support to the patients within various aspects of life. The story sharing structure is a significant provision for the community health programs (Schnabel et al., 2014). Jean Watson’s theory identifies the significance of enhancing a patient to nurse relationship based on optimal re sults. The possible nursing diagnoses for family X include a stress tolerance program. The suggested program is effective in dealing with post-trauma complications that could arise from the family

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 6

Report - Essay Example Recently, Oxfam International is operating its supportive functions approximately in over 90 countries around the world (Oxfam International, 2014). In this report, the objective is to identify the contribution of the Oxfam International in relation to the issues of climate change in the society. At the same time, the report intends to identify the values and interests of Oxfam International. Moreover, the report will also critically analyze the advocacy viewpoint of the Oxfam International in relation to various scenarios. Finally, the report will also highlight a supportive view regarding the contribution of the organization. According to the viewpoint Pettengell (2010), during the early 21st century, the issue regarding climate change had become one of the most critical aspects, which has influenced several difficulties and challenges in the society such as poverty and health care related issues (Pettengell, 2010). In this regard, rationally it can be asserted that climate change has initiated larger threats across the entire world. Moreover, it has affected the capacity and response of the poor in the society, which has influenced the poor citizens in an adverse manner. In this context, it can be claimed that climate change has affected the subsistence of crops due to vulnerable outer temperature ranges around the world. At the same time, erratic rainfall has also changed the seasonal pattern and monsoon of the entire globe, which has negatively affected the agricultural cycles all around the world. As an effect, farmers are struggling to produce expected amount of crop. On the other hand, due to frequ ent climate changes the level of sea water is rising around the world, which is also indirectly affecting the productivity of crops, due to presence of high proportion salt in the water (Pettengell, 2010). These are the identified adverse effects that climate changes have on the environment and the society at large. According to the report published

Modelling Human Activity Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modelling Human Activity Systems - Essay Example Knowledge management is particularly important in the case of multinational corporations which have the additional task of communicating efficiently between its units and in order to communicate better, knowledge management is essential. Knowledge of aspects outside of the organization as well as knowledge within the organization are both very important aspects of knowledge (Senge, 1990 ; Nonaka and Takeushi, 1995). Multinational corporations usually face a problem of cultural differences among its different units, which might cause many problems in the overall performance of the organization. The problem resides in the fact that it is very difficult to unite all the different cultural backgrounds into one organizational culture. To put it in a different way, different cultures have different views and goals and the organization needs to have the staff as well as the senior management focusing on one goal. The suggested solution to this problem is the cultural adaptation human activity system and the information system that serves it which is expected to resolve the problems initiated by cultural differences. A system that (X) allows workers from different cultures to adapt to the needs of the organization by means of (Y) Informing them about the required adaptations and the methods of achieving them in order to (Z) overcome cultural difficulties of the organization and improve productivity of all different subsidiaries. The cultural adaptation Information System (IS): A system to (X) inform the workers of different cultures about the adaptations needed and the method of achieving them by means of (Y) gathering and sharing information about each culture and the adaptations needed to suite the needs of the organization (Z) Allow workers from different cultures to adapt to the needs of the organization. CATOWE: C: QES staff. A: QES management. T: Achieve the adaptations of staff with different cultural views to suite the needs of QES. O: QES senior management. W: A multinational organization usually faces many challenges as different cultures evoke contradictions in management. E: Staff coming from different cultural views. Root definition: A QES owned system (O) in a multinational organization functioning within different cultures (E) to achieve the adaptations of staff with different cultural views to suite the needs of QES (T) by means of informing workers from different cultures with the adaptations needed and methods of achieving it. This transformation will be carried out by QES management (A), and affects all the staff of QES (C). What makes this an important move is that a multinational organization usually faces many challenges as different cultures evoke contradictions in management (W). Conceptual Model: Measures of System Performance or MOP for the system: Efficacy: Addresses the question; to what extent is the system successful at adapting the staff from different views to the same goal and vision of the organization, and to answer this question staff from different countries can be interviewed to see to what extent they are adapting to suite the need

Colours R Us' Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Colours R Us' Case Study - Essay Example Programming, on the other hand, is the actual implementation of the HR plan. Programming involves â€Å"recruitment, training, and lay-offs† (Bateman and Snell, 2007, p.332). The third stage, which is the evaluating stage, measures the effectiveness of HR plans in â€Å"producing the results needed to contribute to the organization’s business plan†. It measures such indicators as â€Å"productivity, quality, innovation, satisfaction, turn-over, absenteeism, health† (Bateman and Snell, 2007, p.322). It is assumed that the company â€Å"Colours R Us† has already undergone planning as the first stage of its HR planning process for its Magnificent Miniature lines. It has determined that it will need 30 persons for its latest product ordered by its main client, the Home Style Innovations. Probably, the company has already conducted a demand forecast, where it determined â€Å"how many and what type of people are needed† for this new product line. Before the company starts its recruitment and selection process, it must have a thorough job analysis for the positions being opened. Job analysis, as defined, is where HR managers determine what the job is all about – including the tasks involved, the duties it entailed, and the accompanying responsibility (Bateman and Snell, 2007, p. 324). This is what is usually referred to as job description. Job analysis also determines the corresponding human requirements to match the specifications in the job description, such as â€Å"skills, knowledge, abilities, and other characteristics needed to perform the job† (Bateman and Snell, 2007, p. 32). This set of characteristics which is required from a prospective applicant is referred to as job specifications. Recruitment is described by Bateman and Snell as the â€Å"development of a pool of applicants for jobs in an organization† (2007, p. 324). Accordingly, recruitment can be done either through internal or external

Article Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Article Response - Essay Example Ziegelman then provides a brief history about the introduction of pickle in America in 19th century by immigrants. She terms a pickle as pungent, toxic and morally suspect. The pickle became popular due to its cheap price. Pickles were also considered by charity and health workers to be a stimulant like coffee, whiskey and tobacco. Children from poor families always had a strange fascination about pickles. Efforts were then made to transform immigrant food into American food. This began with the separation of children from their pickles. Cooking classes were established to teach immigrants about American way of cooking and homemakers were trained how to make simple American food including chowders and pies. In 1919 and 1920, New York City’s Board of Education started to feed immigrant children with American food in place of pickles. Pickles had not ceased by mid 1920s, so quotas were issued to stop immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. However, the pickle did not stop; Americans started to use it as diet reforms declined, and nowadays pickles are enjoyed as normal food. This story shows that one can eat any kind of food and speak any language and still be an American. Therefore, what makes an American to be an American is citizenship and not food or culture. Immigrants can be assimilated to become American without necessarily forcing them to abandon their culture and food. American society is made up of diverse communities with different cultures and behaviours, but those differences never make them less or more American than others. In my case, I eat pickles. The introduction of pickles to United States is a thrilling story that may make some people who are radical to the American culture to hate pickles. However, I think that the story just indicates how the society accepts diversities in form cultural values and ways of life. I can eat food from any community as long as they do not have any negative health effects. Pickles have been eaten

Control Mechanisms - the Disney Company Essay Example for Free

Control Mechanisms the Disney Company Essay Control Mechanisms The Disney Company Bonita Johnson, Christi Cavanaugh, Gloria Aguilar, Hillary McCabe, Jeffrey Harriman MGT 330 January 9, 2012 Susan Mills Control Mechanisms The Disney Company In more than eight decades The Disney Company continues to be one of the largest media and entertainment corporations in the world. Founded on October 16, 1923 by brothers Walt and Roy Disney as a small animation studio, today The Walt Disney Company is one the largest Hollywood studios and owns 11 theme parks, two water parks, and several television networks including the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The name Walt Disney has and always will be preeminent in the realm of family entertainment. Additionally, The Disney Company continues proudly to provide quality entertainment for all family members across American and around the world. The Walt Disney Company did not become one of the largest entertainment corporations in world without developing secure control mechanisms. The Disney Company has earned its reputation by tight control and although control pervades the company, Disney’s control mechanisms are not considered heavy-handed or condescending. This paper will examine that although The Disney Company enforces strict control mechanisms within its organization, it is also an organization independent in its thinking and approaches. The Walt Disney Company has always, and continues to use control mechanisms to help regulate policy and procedures which contribute toward effectively achieving organizational goals (The Walt Disney Company, 2008). The Disney Company has been widely successful both nationally and internationally for over 70 years primarily through successful implementation of control mechanisms throughout all aspects of the organization (The Walt Disney Company, 2008). The four types of control mechanisms that best serve The Disney Company would be budgetary, financial, management audit, and bureaucratic. The bureaucratic control function is the lifeline of Disney’s corporate structure because it provides the company’s ethical standards, mission statement, and organizational structure. Moreover, bureaucratic control is a constructive system used to influence subordinates and structure reward systems. Budgetary control is a method used by The Disney Company to bring their vision to life. Budgetary control is detailed, step-by-step documentation of a company’s accomplishments or deficiencies by contrasting data. The Disney Company has implemented many ways of using budgetary control before building or acquiring any new real estate. Management audit controls are equally important to The Disney Company particularly if expansion is in their future. The Disney Company uses both an internal and external audit system. Through management audits The Disney Company has a set checks and balances system to ensure all assets are properly maintain and nothing is compromised (The Walt Disney Company, 2008). Financial controls are just as vital as budgetary controls with a company such as Disney. The marketing strategies that Disney employs help to produce revenue for the company thereby stabilizing assets and liabilities. Financial controls also help to make it possible for Disney to build more parks and resorts in the future. These four control mechanisms enforced by The Disney Company helps provide the company with a format in sustaining the company in a profitable direction. Equally important, these four components of Disney’s control mechanisms are the key in keeping the organization focused, and diverting away from any unethical misconduct from their employees.

Defined Benefit And Define Contribution Pension Schemes Accounting Essay

Defined Benefit And Define Contribution Pension Schemes Accounting Essay Pension is fund that is built during the working life of the employee and then used to secure the income after retirement. These funds can be operated by employer (occupational pension) who invests over time or alternatively employee can invest in a fund of their choice (private pension scheme). Both of these schemes generate income after retirement. The pension funds are operated in many countries. According to international financial service the UK pension fund is $1,464 billion, Germany had $268 billion and France had $164 billion. Pension schemes are of two major types: Defined benefit scheme Defined contribution scheme DEFINED BENEFIT SCHEMES: Define benefit scheme is also known as final salary scheme which stipulate a particular level of income after retirement normally based on final salary and length of service. Although there is a compulsory contribution by the employee, most of the cost of the benefit and risk of the investment is borne by the employer. For example, in most of the public sector pension schemes, UK employers pay 60% of the cost of providing the benefits and members pay 40%. Various factors which effect the contribution includes: Value of the scheme assets and investment yield. Â  The composition of scheme membership. Â  Rate of salary growth of the scheme members. Â  Longer life span after retirement. Â  Changing regulatory requirements. Contributory Defined Benefit Scheme: In this case the employees make contributions to the pension scheme. Final Salary Schemes and Career Average Salary Schemes are the contributory Defined Benefit Schemes. Final Salary Scheme: In this case the pension amount is calculated on the basis of the final salary of an employee in that company. From the employers point of view these are expensive as compared to other pension schemes. The contributions for are made by the employee for the pension scheme. Career Average Salary Scheme : It calculates the pension amount depending upon the average earnings over the total number of years an employee works in a company. The benefits would be a percentage of the average salary earned by an employee during his career in that particular company. As compared to final salary scheme they are less costly for the employers. In this case also employee contributes in the pension scheme. Non- Contributory Defined Benefit Scheme: In this case the emploer instead of employee is responsible for the contributions in the pension scheme. Cash Salary Scheme is the non contributory Scheme. Cash Salary Scheme: This is a non contributory defined benefit scheme. In this case employer contributes a particular amount of money each year on behalf of the employee. They are a combination of defined benefit scheme and defined contribution scheme. For this reason they are also called as Hybrid Schemes. Decline in Defined Benefit Schemes: In define benefit scheme employer bears most of the risk as well if the pension fund become insufficient either due to poor investment performance or large salary increases, employer must replenish the pension fund out of business revenues. Operating such scheme on average earnings rather than final salary can help to protect against higher rate of salary growth. Munnell and Soto found that many firms have frozen define benefit plans since 2003. There are Following are the number of factors which have been used by employers to explain the decline of defined benefit schemes which are described below: Source : http://www.opalliance.org.uk/decline.htm DEFINED CONTRIBUTION SCHEMES Defined contribution schemes are also known as money purchase scheme in which the employee and/or employer make contributions into a pension fund according to prescribed rules. At retirement the pension fund is used to buy annuity which is an income guaranteed for life of the recipient. Most of the personal pensions are of his type. Under defined contribution schemes following factors determine the pension income available at retirement. The contributions invested in the scheme; Product provider charges; The performance of the pension fund; The annuity rate at retirement date The main factors that determine the benefits at retirement are the contributions invested by the employee, the return on investment earned, Annuity rate, the type of annuity selected and the charges of the scheme. Due to the characteristics and benefits of this scheme, this is the most popular type of pension schemes used in UK. These contributions cover a wide variety of private and occupational schemes. In this case the risk of poor returns on investment or high cost lies with the employee instead of employer. The employees cannot forecast their pension as the return on investment fund is uncertain. The factors affecting the return like annuity rate, charges on investments and performance of investments are beyond the control of the employee. An employee can also be certain of the amount of investment made by him. In the initial stages of investment the contributions are invested in the investments where risk is high and as an employee reaches near his retirement his contributions are invested in comparatively less riskier investments. This provides a good combination of growth and security. Employees in this case can have tax relief on their contributions. The pension fund in this case therefore includes: Pension Fund = Employees Contributions + Employers Contributions + Investment Returns + Tax benefits The contributions are invested in the shares and other investments with the aim of earning more return on these investments which can help in the growth of the pension fund before the retirement of the employees. Employees can choose the investments in which they want to invest. At the time of retirement employees can take a tax free lump sum amount from their pension and the remaining amount can be used to secure an income. If an employee changes his job he can stop making payments to his fund and can leave it as it is with his previous employer. This is also known as Deferred or Preserved Pension. Otherwise with some additional cost and risk he can get it transferred to his new employer or a stakeholder. Defined contributions scheme allows employees to make regular contributions. Employer can also opt for making contributions in the pension fund. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DEFINED BENEFIT AND DEFINED CONTRIBUTION SCHEMES. The defined benefit and defined contribution schemes can be best differentiated by determining where the risks lie. In a defined benefit scheme, the employer bears the vast majority of costs and if investment returns poor yield or costs increase, the pension fund can become insufficient and the employer must replenish the fund out of the business revenues. Whereas in a defined contribution scheme the contributions are paid at a fixed level and therefore it is the recipient who bears these risks. If they are not able to increase contributions when fund performance is poor or cost increases, then their retirement income will be lower. In UK there is an upper limit from a define benefit scheme where as there is no upper limit to the level of income generated from this scheme. Basis Defined Benefit Scheme Defined Contribuion Scheme 1. Risk Risk lies with the employer Risk lies with the employee 2. Change in Value of Investment Pension fund is fixed and pre determined. Pension funds have the growth potential. They are flexible and can provide more return. 3. Affect of Market conditions Market conditions do not affect the pension fund Market conditions affect the return on investments made by the employees. 4. Economic Conditions. Economic conditions like inflation, affects the employees. As they receive fixed amount and the value of money decreases. They have less affect of the economic conditions on the investments. 5. Cost to employer These have high cost associated with them for the employer. These plans have comparatively low cost. 6. Responsibility Responsibility to make payments lie with the employer most of the times. Employee is responsible to make payments 7. Trend These pension schemes have a downward trend these days due to the cost associated with them for the employer. They have an upward trend due to the less cost to the employers. 8. Uncertain These are comparatively more certain. The same amount invested by two different persons provides the same return. These are uncertain in nature. The employee knows the amount he or his employer invested but he is uncertain about the return on this investment. The recent rush to close final salary pension schemes to new employees means that an increasing number of workers now have to rely on defined contribution (money purchase) schemes to provide their future retirement income, either through a scheme set up by their employer or a personal pension as a group or individual arrangement. Buessing and Sotos (2006) analysis of data from Department of Labor Form 5500 filings shows that the number of individuals who participate only in a private sector define benefit plan has declined from 9.6 million in 1990 to 6.6 million in 2003. The growth of private sector define contribution plans has given employees new responsibility for managing retirement assets and made retirement wealth accumulation a function of an employees contribution and asset allocation decisions. Accrued benefits in define benefit plans do not depend on financial market returns, except in extreme circumstances such as plan insolvency. Benefits in define contribution plans, however, are a function of financial market returns. Some analysts have suggested that define contribution plans expose prospective retirees to greater risk than define benefit plans because of this link. Several recent studies have examined financial market risk in define contribution plans. Balcer and Sahin (1979) compare define benefit and define contribution plans in a lifecycle setting, recognizing that earnings uncertainty and job transitions have an important effect on the accumulated wealth of define benefit plan participants. Bodie, Marcus, and Merton (1988) note that define benefit and define contribution plans both entail risks, but that these risks are different. Neither of these studies make quantitative estimates of relative risks; two more recent studies do. Samwick and Skinner (2004) use data from the 1983 and 1989 Survey of Consumer Finances and the associated Pension Provider Supplement (PPS) to summarize DC and DB plan attributes. They generate synthetic earnings histories under the assumption that the logarithm of earnings follows a random walk with age-related drift, and they evaluate define benefit and define contribution wealth accumulation for these earnings hi stories. This approach may miss subtle stochastic properties of actual earnings histories. The results suggest that for many workers define contribution plan accumulations are likely to exceed the actuarial present discounted value (PDV) of define benefit plan benefits. Finally, Schrager (2005) uses data on earnings and job change patterns from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics to study related issues. She finds that job turnover increased in the 1990s, making define contribution plans more attractive relative to define benefit plans for many workers. Both of the empirical studies parameterize the earnings and job change processes, thereby suppressing some of the richness in individual earnings histories. One of the key risks in both define benefit and define contribution wealth accumulation is an ex ante risk that workers face when they accept a job: what does the firms define contribution or define benefit plan offer? There is substantial variation in the generosity of employer matching contributions in define contribution plans, and in the normal retirement age and level of risks that are realized as their working career unfolds. These include their earnings path, which is a key input directly to define benefit wealth accruals and which affects the capacity to make define contribution contributions, the economic fortunes of their employer, which may lead to changes in the retirement plan parameters, their job tenure and the number of jobs they hold over their working career, the choices they make in a define contribution plan, and the financial market returns that they earn on their define contribution plan investments. Some components of both the post-retirement benefits in define benefit plans. In addition to these ex ante risks, workers also face ex post ex ante and ex post risk are under the control of the worker, who may decide whether or not to work for a firm with particular pension characteristics, whether or not to voluntarily separate from a firm with a define benefit plan, or whether or not to contribute the maximum amount to a define contribution plan. Conclusion When employers try to compare the real overall cost of providing a typical defined benefit scheme with a typical defined contribution scheme, they usually fail to compare like with like. It is often forgotten that because employers tend to benefit from favorable investment returns with defined benefit schemes, many defined benefit arrangements have actually cost a lot less than contribution levels suggest if you take into account contribution reductions and contribution holidays. Certainly when looking back beyond the recent troubled financial markets, it was not uncommon for defined benefit arrangements to be holding surpluses and/or to be taking contribution holidays. This will not be possible under a defined contribution scheme where the employer is required to maintain the agreed level of contributions irrespective of how well the investments are performing, subject only to the proviso that an individual cannot be over-funded (i.e. the benefits that can be purchased by their contributions cannot exceed the maximum as laid down by the Inland Revenue). This will not always be the case and negotiators might like to remind employers of this fact during their deliberations. Where it does not prove possible to persuade the employer to maintain a defined benefit scheme for all employees then the objective must be to ensure that the defined contribution scheme agreed is essentially based upon contributions that will actually deliver an adequate pension for future retiring employees.

Essay --

1) In the distribution of microorganisms lab, the largest number of colonies came from a mouth swab giving over 300 small yellow and white, punctiform and convex colonies. Hair came in next with 99 colonies on the plate of all different colors, sizes and shapes. The culture dish that sat out in the lab air gave a total of 15 colonies of all different types. The swab of disinfected bench gave a total of 9 colonies, one of which was very large. The control that was never opened and the swab of disinfected bench ended up having no colonies grown on them. Hair and air are the most realistic contaminants since your hair is openly exposed to the lab at all times and the air comes into contact with the sample whenever the sample is opened. However, the greatest potential source of contamination shown by the number of colonies is the mouth sample (optional source). This was expected because the human mouth is known to contain many bacteria. 2) Even though the 4x level of magnification on the microscope is not used often since it is such a small magnification, it may be used to start focusing the microscope although not much will be visible. The microscope is parfocal meaning â€Å"that the optical system is coordinated so that a specimen that is in focus for one objective is in approximate focus for the other objectives† (Hayden McNeil Publishing, 2014), so once the 4x objective is focused, the other objectives should be coarsely focused. They will require some fine focus adjustment though. The 10x objective helps to increase the focus and will also make the specimen more visible and can be used to find the location of the specimen on the slide (Hayden McNeil Publishing, 2014). This objective is also known as the â€Å"low power objec... ...ed specimens (Hayden McNeil Publishing, 2014). Also, for pathogenic bacteria, once the structure is determined it can be attacked. â€Å"Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible to antibacterial agents that work by inhibiting the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links thereby weakening their cell walls† (Hayden McNeil Publishing, 2014). 4) The species tested for spore formation were Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium glutamicum. Bacillus subtilis actually formed spores. The endospores that developed were a stress response to being treated with the toxic dye, malachite green. The bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, will produce endospores as a form of resistance against unfavorable environmental conditions such as toxins and heat. The Corynebacterium glutamicum does not form endospores in response to extreme environmental conditions (Hayden McNeil Publishing, 2014).

The Paradox of Perfection :: Free Essay Writer

The Paradox of Perfection In 1980, Arlene Skolnick’s â€Å"The Paradox of Perfection† was published in Wilson Quarterly around the time when the â€Å"ideal family† was highly regarded. The article expresses the idea that the perfect family dose not exist. This essay is a prime example of how society views on what a family should be, subconsciously affects the behavior and attitude of the average family. As a psychologist from University of California, Skolnick presents her views through a series of historical contexts and statistics. Skolnick ironically exemplifies through the media that the picture perfect family is nothing more than a myth; in other words she uses the media concepts of a family as a foothold to convey her thoughts. Although the article was written more than 20 years ago, Skolnick views projects a future representation of society and how their portrayal of the â€Å"ideal family† has not change. The essay covers an array of periods; a historical view to give a background to the essay, a present view to elaborate her thoughts and a future outlook to tie it all together. Through this process, the reader is able to follow and understand the author’s views, which are refurbished by historical evidence. Skolnick stated in the beginning of her essay, â€Å"Can the family be at once a cherished â€Å"value† and a trouble institution,† (paragraph 4) as a way to establish her agreement. The statement basically means that what was once thought as the ideal family is now the main reason for typical families’ downfall. Through a variety of metaphorical strategies, Skolnick is able to support her claims; the media and other image of the perfect family is an unrealistic model that average family use as a form of comparison. The author first address a general audience with her opening statement, which states the divorce rates, births out-of-wedlock, and presents a down to earth impression that captures any reads’ attention. Even though Skolnick is psychologist, she is able to express her views in a matter that appeals to the general-mass. I am able to understand and agree with Skolnick’s arguments to a point, due to the fact that I have lived in two different cultures and therefore able to appreciate her ideals. I can see why the author believes so strongly in her arguments because it is easily seen that the American life-hood is bases on the output from the media and a collection of society’s regulations that force the average man to behave in a certain matter.

Supply and Demand :: essays research papers

Supply 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rubber supply in Japan is at an all time low. The article chosen discusses how the low supplies of rubber are not typical for the time of year. Tokyo rubber or TOCOM is the Tokyo Commodity Exchange which regulates the rubber market in Japan. A rally was held recently which was the largest in years because of the concerns about low supplies and historically low rubber stocks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The benchmark December rubber contract on the Tokyo Commodity Exchange rose as high as 169.2 yen per kg, the priciest for TOCOM's key contract since March 11, 1996, when prices hit 174.6. At the close it was up 3.4 yen at 168.7 (TOCOM.). The contracts that are already signed between different companies for delivery from August to November of 2005 are not looking too good. The price for rubber is expected to rise five yen on the stock exchange. July’s contracts, which have no price limit, finished up seven at 189.8 yen per kg of rubber. This meant that the rubber contracts hit their life-time high. The expectations of investors in Tokyo are that the price of rubber will peak in August and begin to decrease when rubber supplies increase.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The price gap of rubber between the December and July widened to 21.1 yen. Rubber supplies have been low due to a delay in shipments from Thailand. Thailand is the world's largest manufacturer and exporter of natural rubber. The shipments of rubber have fallen due to bad weather conditions. Rubber supplies normally drop from the beginning of February which is winter and the dry season in southern Thailand. During Supply 2 this season, latex output declines because the rubber trees shed their leaves. Production in general, returns to normal by beginning of May, but the buyers are still not getting enough shipments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Japan purchases over 60 percent of its rubber imports from Thailand. Because the signs of short production, rubber stocks in Japan have decreased to the lowest level in forty years. According to the he Rubber Trade Association of Japan, Prior to June of 2005, the lowest the stock had been was back in 1962. Because of the high costs of rubber and the decrease in supply, manufacturers are considering shifting to natural rubber from expensive synthetic rubber. High oil costs have also driven up rubber costs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because of the low supplies of rubber, companies are forced to increase the price.

India’s elderly face growing neglect Essay

Introduction Adobe Flash CS3 (Creative Suite 3) A commercial application used to produce interactive, animated movies Can be used to create web-based banner advertisements, interactive websites, games and web-based applications with stunning graphics and multimedia effects. Flash movies can be embedded in web pages, placed on CDs or DVDs as independent applications or converted into standalone, executable programs. Flash includes tools for coding in its scripting language, ActionScript 3.0. ActionScript, which is similar to JavaScript, enables interactive applications. To play Flash movies, the Flash Player plug-in must be installed in your web browser. This plug-in has several versions, the most recent of which is version 9. What is flash? Flash is the leading tool/technique for creating multimedia, applications, presentations, games on Internet – a platform for developing prototypes, desktop applications and mobile systems Examples of general usage for a designer: Presentations / online portfolio Video applications for design-projects Concept design (with basic interactivity/navigation) Interaction interfaces Prototype development (usability tests) Working in project-teams (communicate with/understand programmers) Physical/tangible computing: Sensors/Phidgets, webcam, Wii-remote etc Flash Movie Development Stage The white area in which you place graphic elements during movie development and only objects in this area will appear in the final movie Timeline Represents the time period over which a movie runs Frame Depicts a moment in the movie’s timeline, into which you can insert movie elements Playhead indicates the current frame Tools bar Divided into multiple sections, each containing tools and functions that help you create Flash movies Panels Organize frequently used movie options and Panel options modify the size, shape, color, alignment and effects associated with a movie’s graphic elements Context-sensitive Properties panel Displays information about the currently selected object and Useful tool for viewing and altering an object’s properties You can access different panels by selecting them from the Window menu Fig. 1 | Flash CS3 development environment. Fig. 2 | CS3 Tools bar. Learning Flash with Hands-On Examples The .fla file extension is a Flash-specific extension for editable movies Fig. 3 | New Document dialog 1. Creating a Shape with the Oval Tool Flash creates shapes using vectors a).mathematical equations that define the shape’s size, shape and color b).When vector graphics are saved, they are stored using equations Vector graphics can be resized without losing clarity Create shapes by clicking and dragging with the shape tools Every shape has a stroke color and a fill color a. The stroke color is the color of a shape’s outline b. The fill color is the color that fills the shape Clicking the black and white button resets the stroke color to black and the fill color to white Selecting the swap colors option switches the stroke and fill colors The Shift key constrains a shape’s proportions to have equal width and height A dot in a frame signifies a keyframe – A point of change in a timeline A shape’s size can be modified with the Properties panel when the shape is selected Fig. 7 | Keyframe added to the timeline Fig. 8 | Making multiple selections with the Selection tool. Fig. .9 | Modifying the size of a shape with the Properties window. 2. Adding Text to a Button Button titles communicate a button’s function to the user a. Create a title with the text tool Once text is selected, you can change the font, text size and font color with the Properties window To change the font color, click the text color swatch and select a color from the palette Fig. 11 | Setting the font face, size, weight and color with the Properties window Fig.12 | Adding text to the button. 3 Converting a Shape into a Symbol Scene contains graphics and symbols Parent movie may contain several symbols are Reusable movie elements, such as graphics, buttons and movie clips.Scene timeline can contain numerous symbols with their own timelines and properties. Scene may have several  instances of any given symbol Symbols Can be edited independently of the scene by using the symbol’s editing stageEditing stage is separate from the scene stage and contains only one symbol. Fig. 13 | Selecting an object with the selection tool. Selecting Convert to Symbol†¦ from the Modify menu or using the shortcut F8 on the keyboard opens the Convert to Symbol dialog, in which you can set the properties of a new symbol Fig. 14 | Creating a new symbol with the Convert to Symbol dialog. Every symbol in a Flash movie must have a unique name Three different types of symbols Movie clips Buttons Graphics Movie clip symbol Ideal for recurring animations Graphic symbol Ideal for static images and basic animations Button symbol Objects that perform button actions, such as rollovers and hyperlinking A rollover is an action that changes the appearance of a button when the mouse passes over it Library panel Stores every symbol in a movie Accessed through the Window menu or by the shortcuts L or F11 Multiple instances of a symbol can be placed in a movie by dragging and dropping the symbol from the Library panel onto the stage Fig. 15 | Library panel Fig. 16 | Movie Explorer for CeoAssistant.fla. 4 Editing Button Symbols Components of a button symbol, such as its fill and type, may be edited in the symbol’s editing stage. Access a symbol’s editing stage by double clicking the symbol in the Library or by pressing the Edit Symbols button and selecting the symbol name. The pieces that make up a button can all be changed in the editing stage. A button symbol’s timeline contains four frames. One for each of the button states (up, over and down) and one for the hit area Fig. 17 | Modifying button states with a button’s editing stage. Up state (indicated by the Up frame) Default state before the user presses the button or rolls over it with the mouse Over state (indicated by the Over frame) Plays when the mouse moves over the button Down state (indicated by the Down frame) Plays when a user presses a button Can create interactive, user-responsive buttons by customizing the appearance of a button in each state Graphic elements in the hit state (indicated by the Hit frame) Not visible when viewing the movie Exist simply to define the active area of the button (i.e., the area that can be clicked) By default, buttons only have the up state activated when they are created You may activate other states by adding keyframes to the other three frames 5 Adding Keyframes Keyframes a. Points of change in a Flash movie b. Appear in the timeline as gray with a black dot c. By adding keyframes to a button symbol’s timeline, you can control how the button reacts to user input Rollover d. Added by inserting a keyframe in the button’s Over frame, then changing the button’s appearance in that frame Fig. 18 | Inserting a keyframe. Changing the button color in the over state does not affect the button color in the up state. 6 Adding Sound to a Button Flash imports sounds in the WAV (Windows), AIFF (Macintosh) or MP3 formats Sounds can be imported into the Library by choosing Import to Library from the Import submenu of the File menu. You can add sound to a movie by placing the sound clip in a keyframe or over a series of frames. If a frame has a blue wave or line through it, a sound effect has been added to it. Fig. 19 | Adding sound to a button Fig. 20 | Optimizing sound with the Sound Properties dialog. 7 Verifying Changes with Test Movie Movies can be viewed in their published state with the Flash Player. The published state of a movie is how it would appear if viewed over the web or with the Flash Player Published Flash movies have the Shockwave Flash extension (.swf). SWF files can be viewed but not edited. Fig. 21 | GO button in its up and over states. 8 Adding Layers to a Movie A movie can be composed of many layers a. Each has its own attributes and effects Layers b. Organize different movie elements so that they can be animated and edited separately c. Make the composition of complex movies easier d. Graphics in higher layers appear over the graphics in lower layers Fig. 22 | Renaming a layer. Fig. 23 | Setting text alignment with the Properties window Text Can be broken apart or regrouped for color editing, shape modification or animation Once text has been broken apart, it may not be edited with the text tool 9 Animating Text with Tweening Animations in Flash are created by inserting keyframes into the timeline Tweening (morphing) a. An automated process in which Flash creates the intermediate steps of the animation between two keyframes Shape tweening b. Morphs an ungrouped object from one shape to another Motion tweening c. Moves symbols or grouped objects around the stage d. Keyframes must be designated in the timeline before adding the motion tween Fig. 25 | Adding a keyframe to create an animation. Fig. 26 | Creating a motion tween. Adding the stop function to the last frame in a movie stops the movie from looping Fig. 27 | Adding ActionScript to a frame with the Actions panel. The small letter a in a frame indicates that it contains an action. 10 Adding a Text Field Static Text Creates text that does not change Dynamic Text Creates can be changed or determined by outside variables through ActionScript Input Text Creates a text field into which the viewers of the movie can input their own text Fig. 28 | Creating a text field. Fig. 29 | Creating a dynamic text field with the Properties window. 11 Adding ActionScript goButton.addEventListener( MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN, goFunction ); addEventListener function helps make an object respond to an event by registering a function to call when the event takes place MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN specifies that an action is performed when the user clicks the button. var randomNumber : int = Math.floor( ( Math.random() * 5 ) ); Math.random returns a random floating-point number from 0.0 up to, but not including, 1.0. Publishing Your Flash Movie Flash movies must be published for users to view them outside Flash CS3 and the Flash Player Flash movies may be published in a different Flash version to support older Flash Players Flash can automatically generate an XHMTL document that embeds your Flash movie Fig. 30 | Published Flash files. Importing and Manipulating Bitmaps Once an imported image is broken apart, it may be shape tweened or edited with editing tools such as the lasso, paint bucket, eraser and paintbrush The editing tools are found in the toolbox and apply changes to a shape Clicking and dragging to draw with the lasso tool selects areas of shapes The color of a selected area may be changed or the selected area may be moved Once an area is selected, its color may be changed by selecting a new fill color with the fill swatch or by clicking the selection with the paint bucket tool The eraser tool removes shape areas when you click and drag the  tool across an area You can change the eraser size using the tool options. Creating an Advertisement Banner with Masking Masking hides portions of layers A masking layer hides objects in the layers beneath it, revealing only the areas that can be seen through the shape of the mask Items drawn on a masking layer define the mask’s shape and cannot be seen in the final movie Fig. 31 | Resizing an image with the Free transform tool. Free transform tool Allows you to resize an image When an object is selected with this tool, anchors appear around its corners and sides Breaking text apart once converts each letter into its own text field Breaking text apart again converts the letters into shapes that cannot be edited with the text tool, but can be manipulated as regular graphics Fig. 32 | Creating the oval graphic Adding a mask to a layer masks only the items in the layer directly below it Fig. 33 | Creating a mask layer. Fig. 34 | Completed banner. Adding Online Help to Forms Use the selection tool to align objects with their corresponding captions. For more precise alignment, select the desired object with the selection tool and press the arrow key on the keyboard in the direction you want to move the object Fig. 35 | Adjusting the line spacing with the Format Options dialog. Fig. 36 | Creating a rectangle with rounded corners. Fig. 37 | Creating multiple instances of a symbol with the Library panel. An input text field is a text field into which the user can type text Fig. 38 | Input and password text-field creation. Fig. 39 | Adding Frame Labels using the Properties window. gotoAndStop(â€Å"name†); causes the movie to skip to the frame labeled â€Å"name† and stop playing Each movie clip should be created as a new symbol so that it can be edited without affecting the scene Fig. 40 | Centering an image on the stage with the Properties window. Fig. 41 | Creating a shape tween Symbols may be embedded in one another; however, they cannot be placed within themselves. Fig. 42 | Adding the field symbol to the nameWindow movie clip. Fig. 43 | Creating an animation with the form field symbol. The Transform panel can be used to change an object’s size The Constrain checkbox causes the scale factor to be equal in the height and width fields The scale factor measures the change in proportion Fig. 44 | Duplicating movie-clip symbols with the Library panel. Changing a symbol’s function or appearance in its editing stage updates the symbol in the scene Fig. 45 | Creating a frame-by-frame animation. Fig. 46 | Bug2Bug.com help form. Creating a Website Splash Screen Many organizations use Flash to create website splash screens (i.e., introductions), product demos and web applications Flash animations are ideal for amusing visitors while conveying information as the rest of a page downloads â€Å"behind the scenes† A preloader is a simple animation that plays while the rest of the web page is loading Fig. 47 | Creating a rotating object with the motion tween Rotate option. Fig. 48 | Inserted movie clips. Fig. 16.49 | Changing gradient colors with the Color panel. Alpha A value between 0 and 100% that corresponds to a color’s transparency or opacity An alpha value of 0% appears transparent, whereas a value of 100% appears completely opaque The rate of progression in a gradient can be changed by sliding the color boxes Any color box may be removed from a gradient by clicking and dragging it off the gradient range Fig. 50 | Adding an intermediate color to a gradient. Ease Controls the rate of change during tween animation Negative values cause the animated change to be gradual at the beginning and become increasingly drastic Positive values cause the animation to change quickly in the first frames and less drastically as the animation progresses When a button is created from a shape, the button’s hit area is, by default, the area of the shape It is important to change the hit state of a button created from text so that it includes the spaces between the letters; otherwise, the link will work only when the user hovers over a letter’s area Fig. 51 | Defining the hit area of a button. var url : URLRequest = new URLRequest( â€Å"http://www.deitel.com† ); Creates a new URLRequest object named url navigateToURL( url, â€Å"_blank† ); navigateToURL takes the URL contained in the URLRequest object and opens it in the frame specified by the second argument â€Å"_blank† signifies that a new browser window should open when the user presses the button. Flash movies load frame by frame Frames containing complex images take longer to load Flash will continue playing the current frame until the next frame has loaded Fig. 52 | Creating an animation to preload images.

Logistics: An Introduction to Supply Chain Management Essay

Introduction Transportation is a major development that should be faced well by the society today. It could be observed that this particular section of innovation in the society has actually assisted the entire process of globalization to actually take place within this era of human development.   Undeniably, the development of transport has also increased the capability of the individual merchants in the field of commercial industry to make trade with the others in the global market thus giving them the chance to introduce their products and services to neighboring countries thus increases their chances of gaining higher level of profit from the international market. This is the reason why Ballou actually tried to focus on how much the said face of technological innovation actually affected the lives of the human society today. Consequently though, through his reading, he was able to have a fine understanding and presentation as well that would actually make it easier for the readers to understand the major effects of the process within the lifestyle and the development of the individuals in the society. In his discussion with regards the matter, Ballou points out the major role that transportation plays in the process of global advancement, especially in terms of commercial connections between countries around the world. He points out that one of the major changes that transportation undergoes is the ability of the current system of transport to handle highly technological issues and applications that are embedded within the program of transport to perform better and far more efficient than it did in the past. How much impacting is this report for the current society? Several contents of the book shall give a brief overview of the matter thus assisting in making the process much acceptable for the highly technologically driven society that it caters to today. Content and Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The book of Ballou as noted earlier is highly involved with the understanding of the necessary things needed to be given attention in clarifying the systems application as it particularly affects the present trend of economic advancement in the society today. Constantly, movies and other programs today have actually wanted to feature the different kinds of transportation advancements within the global community of the human society today, showing how much beneficial the said inventions are to the lives of the people as compared to the lives of humans before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reality however behind the said advancement is not simply dependent on the design and the development of the systems used within the said transport machines. Instead, it is through the application of the systems of information technology that transportation operations today are actually taking into fine consideration for regular operational reasons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In further discussion of the matter, Ballou intended to utilize several actual implications of the system to actually attest to the fact that IT contributes much within the system. In different television programs, the efficiency of both air, land and water-based transportation today actually helps in the process of sending messages and handling security issues for client satisfaction purposes are shown particularly useful for the whole human community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The benefits of highly developed transportation are obviously seen through the developments of the trading businesses around the world. With the use of information technology, the constancy of the arranged schedules of routes that transport vehicles are to take for the sake of on-time delivery purposes become highly organized thus reaching the time-standards of several trading businesses and organizations around the world today. The utilization of logistics systems integrated within the mechanical systems of the transport operations likely increase the competency of the whole system in handling the different responsibilities that are expected for the transport systems to complete. Seeing this particular benefit actually increases the competency of the system to handle further higher responsibilities that are to be placed upon its reliability in the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This time though, the developers of the system are rather making better amends in furthering the operation of the transport systems around the world. Focusing on the capability of the industrialized countries to handle the suggested developments, the researches and studies are still being pursued to at least increase the competency of the programs that are to be further integrated within the transport systems. Once the developing changes are applied, the operation of transport around the world are expected to become much beneficial thus much appropriate for the sake of those who are highly affected by the said technological improvement. Reactions and Overviews   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As noted earlier, the author used authorized sources to support the claims that he further presented in his book. It is through this that he has been able to validate the different issues that he further presented and raised within the context of his writing. At the verge of understanding the specific details that actually increase the competency of the said system, it is highly observed that the author tried his best to present the issues that are involved in the transport operation that particularly affect the lives of the human society directly. The lives of the people around the world are obviously being assisted in becoming highly civilized through the application of transport operations in the system. Overall View of the Reading   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is through this report that it has been clarified how the author tried to clarify the issues with regards transport development that includes the regular dealings of the human society today. For the sake of fast development and wide globalization application in the international trade systems, the development of transportation has actually been noted by the experts of commercial advancement as the primary source of further coalition of the systems for the sake of global advancement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It could be noted that this is a major reading that could help in the process of improving the lives of the people in the society. Understanding this particular writing is actually a fine description of the matter that increases the competency of the system that could assist in the progress of the world in improving the globalization systems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the utilization of fine transportation, the development of the different countries around the world is sure to boost thus giving chance to every nation to find a way with which they are able to expand their options in extending their chances for the sake of total globalization. The constancy of the system as required by the new trend of development in the human society as per assessed through the advancements needed for the pursuance of globalization. Reference: Donald Waters. (2003). Logistics: An Introduction to Supply Chain Management. Palgrave Macmillan.

Adulthood and aging

In this paper, adulthood and aging are shown from different sides: first, the major values for the elderly such as relationships, spirituality and quality of life are discussed; second, the cultural views towards aging in the United States and Asia are given.The cultural differences in views towards elderly in Asia are shown on example of Japan, as one of the most developed and civilized countries of Asia. The importance of the subject is emphasized by the overview of recent studies on various aspects of aging published in psychological journals. The aged population has been long in focus of different researches: psychological, social, economic et cetera.The fact that aging population has been steadily increasing is widely recognized and proved by statistic researches. Hence, the interest towards aging and its problems.Aging takes different shapes in different countries. Therefore, many studies are particularly interested in aging in different regions of the world. Cross-cultural asp ects of aging present interest for multinational societies, such as American society. This paper discusses many of these issues. Adulthood and AgingLater life is viewed as occurring from about age 70 to 75 years and upwards; further distinctions are sometimes made between the ‘young old’ and the ‘old-old’ i.e., adults in the age period of about 70–84 and adults aged about 85 years and over. Chronological age is an important social and personal marker of identity, behavior, expectations, experiences, and preferences.Adults in their seventies, for example, often score lower than their younger counterparts on measures of negative affect including worry and anxiety (Gems, 2003); older adults can also score more highly than younger adults on measures of agreeableness and consciousness (Thane, 2003).Similarly, adults in mid- and later life are more likely to be generative than their younger counterparts; in fact although younger people can be altruistic th ey cannot be generative as it is only with experience and time that this vital role of teaching, guiding and supporting others can occur.Older adults are not necessarily a unique group of adults qualitatively different from other age groups; this is because many of the issues often associated with later life are issues pertinent at any age throughout the life-course, for example, the need to maintain a balance between autonomy and dependence, and the need for secure, warm and accepting relationships with others.Furthermore, although old age is noted as a time for increasing losses and constraints on development, losses and challenges occur throughout the life-course and not just in later life. (Thane, 2003)As social beings, most adults need to be in close relationships with other people, for enjoyment, for meaning and purpose in life, and also as a means of learning more about ourselves and the world within which we live. Warm and close relationships with other people have also been described as being a healthy necessity from ‘the cradle to the grave’ (Blundo R. & Deborah E. Bowen, 2005).Relationships, are very important for our health and well-being particularly reciprocal relationships, which also serve a protective function such as relationships with a spouse or equivalent figure. In addition, it is often within close relationships that we offer and receive support, particularly at times when the risk of threat to the actual or representational self is higher, for example when taking on new projects or goals.Relationships with close others can also be a significant source of pleasure, enjoyment, and meaning for adults.Most older adults need and enjoy relationships with younger generations; so too do communities need relationships with older adults. This point is made strongly by Jackson J. (2002) who draws on ethnographic, cross-cultural, and anthropological data to argue that as a consequence of maturation and experience older adults have thei r own unique strengths and talents that can and should be used in the social context, and particularly in helping, supporting, and teaching the next generation.Jackson takes this perspective, particularly in light of the ‘parental emergency’ (p. 825), in other words, the difficulties and problems involved in raising emotionally healthy children without the support of the extended family and friends.In later life, however, relationships with other people can be lost, constrained or the quality of relationships impaired. In later life, for example, adult children may divorce and separate so that older people may lose generative links with younger family members. Similarly, into the latter half of the life cycle adults are more likely to experience the loss of parents, spouses, and/or the loss of other close attachment relationships through bereavements.Also, personal work roles that the individual had and enjoyed may no longer be salient or relevant such as when children are grown up and leave home. Furthermore, given compulsory retirement, the friends and acquaintances that one had through the work role may have to be surrendered.Although adults can experience significant losses and constraints in their relationships with others, these can be a consequence of the interactions and expectations of others, rather than being intrinsic to the aging process. Society may not always be supportive of the needs of its older members.For example, society can impose constraints on relationships into later life in terms of expectations for relinquishing the work role or even about the aptness of certain sexual relationships.This is particularly the case given the potential for ageism within which older adults can be disadvantaged with subsequent loss of health or even loss of life itself, for example, when older adults are denied health treatment or counseling because of the negative views health professionals can have of older people.Evidence examining the ways in which older adults are viewed by society is mixed. Some researchers have found that many older people are viewed in very negative ways (Steuerle, 2001).In contrast, other researchers have found that the results of studies on attitudes to older adults are influenced by the specific attributes being assessed. Dooley E. (2003) for example asked a group of undergraduates (aged 17–24) to rate their attitudes towards young, mid-life, and older adults across cognitive (intellectual abilities or information processing), personal-expressive (personality or interpersonal attributes), and physical attributes relating to physical health, behavior, or movement.Results indicated that attitudes towards the physical attributes of older adults were more negative by comparison with young and mid-life adults. In contrast, no significant difference was found for personal-expressive attributes, but there was a main effect for age on cognitive attributes.A post hoc test indicated that the atti tudes of participants towards midlife adults were significantly more positive than were those for younger adults (mean −0.48) or for older adults (mean −.027). Although these insights are useful, this study was carried out using undergraduate students as participants, thus making generalisability difficult. Researchers in this field should attempt to replicate the above study with other participant groups.Some social losses and threats that assume crises in mid- and later life (e.g., ‘empty nest syndrome’) have little empirical evidence to support them (Feldstein B. & Jeffrey B. Liebman, 2003). A contrasting view is that there are challenges associated with each age period around which adults must adapt. This contrasting view does not remove the reality of social stressors, but instead, recognizes that these occur throughout the life course, and not just old age.Studies have shown that the quality of social networks of older people have many similarities to those of younger age groups, but that the number of contacts within the networks are fewer for the old. Socioemotional selectivity theory (Feldstein B. & Jeffrey B. Liebman, 2003) attempts to describe the functional declines in social contact throughout adulthood.This theory describes the practical aspects of social interactions to include information acquisition, identity maintenance, and emotion regulation. The essential premise of the theory is that the relative important of those goals changes as a function of perceived time, and that these goals influence and explain declines in social contact across adulthood.When time is perceived as being largely open-ended, future-orientated goals such an information acquisition are of paramount importance. However, when time is perceived as being limited, present-orientated goals such as emotional goals, are rated as being most important. Consequently, adults into later years are seen as actively preferring certain types of social contact (e.g., emotionally satisfying contact) over others such as information gathering.There are substantial differences in adults’ preferences for social activities and social contacts, however, and some of these differences can be explained by gender, ethnicity, and physical health. It is well known that women typically have more social contact than do men, especially more intimate friends or confidants.Confidants are typically women, in part given the difference in mean ages between the sexes. Age differences between the sexes in western countries is around five years, but in some countries the difference is larger, such as Finland, where the difference is eight years.This means that older women often live alone, whereas older men are married. It also means that women are more likely to be caregivers by comparison with their male counterparts. Health is another significant factor explaining reductions in social activity in later years.The patterns of not initiating new contacts with non-familial persons is clearly visible in nursing homes and other institutions. There can be a significant risk involved in contact seeking in old age; conversations can become difficult for example if others have sensory difficulties, particularly hearing loss.To summarize, relationships in later years can be an intense source of both pleasure and distress. Relationships with others can be a significant source of enjoyment and meaning in life. Relationships with others are also crucial not only for the well-being of individuals but also of whole communities given that society is often dependent on the experience and expertise that older adults develop over many decades of life.However, in later life as throughout life, the relationships and social roles that adults have with others can be compromised, constrained, or even lost. These losses can arise through bereavement or because society does not always provide its older members with adequate support and resources.Understand ing the ways adults evaluate and regulate changes in relationships is likely to be crucial if health professionals are to help facilitate better health and well-being for more people for longer into the latter part of the life cycle.Future research in this area should be carried out to refine and clarify the nature of relationships across adulthood, and the impact that social motives and other factors might play in influencing the quality and nature of relationships. Future research is also needed to explore and examine the positive qualities within close family relationships, particularly between parents and their adult children, and siblings who have shared experiences over many decades of life.Japan is much more densely populated than the United States but not much more so than Great Britain. Japan is clearly one of the most industrialized nations in the world with a higher proportion of its gross national product from manufacturing than the United States, Great Britain, or Denma rk.Its total gross national product is second only to the United States; its per capita income, however, is lower than the three comparison countries. It has a higher rate of natural increase and a lower percentage aged 65 and over than the comparison countries, but recent decreases in birth and death rates are expected to rapidly increase the percentage aged 65 and over. (Bernier, 2003)The Japanese are relatively homogeneous racially and ethnically which may facilitate the integration of the aged. Some social-psychological traits relevant to this analysis are: strong national pride, concern with politeness and deference toward superiors, a dominant aesthetic sense, and a more casual attitude toward time.Transportation is less of a problem for the aged in Japan because of the many neighborhood shops and the elaborate system of public transportation.The tradition of respect for the aged has strong roots both in the vertical social system and in the unconditional duty of filial piety, which derives from the fundamental Japanese religion, ancestor worship.Thus, the ecology and economic system of Japan are similar to that of western industrialized nations, but her social system and culture have distinctive elements that have helped maintain the relatively high status and integration of older Japanese.The health status of Japanese elders has been improving with better nutrition, sanitation, and medical care so that they are now about as healthy as the aged in other modern countries.The Japanese elders are much more integrated in their families as shown by their living arrangements and functions in the household. Furthermore, there has been little decline in proportions living with their children so that over two-thirds will probably continue to live with their children during the foreseeable future.The employment status of the elders is much higher than in other industrialized countries: over half the older men continue to be employed. Most of those who stop work, do so for voluntary and health reasons rather than being forced to stop by compulsory retirement or other discrimination against the aged.The trends indicate little decline in employment status. Those who are not employed do tend to have relatively low independent incomes, but pensions and retirement benefits are rapidly improving, and the system of family support usually assures at least the minimum necessities of life. (Katsumata, 2001)The main explanation for their relatively high status and integration is the tradition of respect for elders that has its roots in the vertical society and in religious doctrines of filial piety.Respect and affection for the elders are shown on a daily basis by honorific language; bowing; priority for the elders in seating, serving, bathing, and going through doors. It is also reflected in popular sayings, special celebrations of the sixty-first birthday, the national observance of Respect for Elders Day, and the National Law for Welfare of the Aged .We therefore conclude that the theory of marked decline in the status of the aged as a necessary result of industrialization is false. On the contrary, Japan shows that a tradition of respect for the aged can maintain their relatively high status and integration despite industrialization.In Western countries, including the USA, the attitude towards elderly is far less respectful and the connection with younger generations is often lost. However, high income, pensions and a highly developed social care system help American elderly to live their later life with comfort. Japanese elderly often depend on their younger generation in economic terms. The conclusion we make is that both financial matters and social relationship factors are important for aging people.

Importance of awareness of the security knowledge

This assignment attempts to show the importance of awareness of the security knowledge that will make us more aware about threats like escrow services fraud, spasms and spoofing. There's statistics demonstrates the recent trends of these types of threats that people usually face in the Internet. The impacts mostly negative and sometimes there are big losses. The research studies the potential of cybernetics's to increase loss, scams and spoofing, both locally and worldwide. Social networking sites turned to be at the top of the targets for attackers.Rafter said (201 1), these social network sites are like a treasure trove of prized information for cybernetics's. The reason why they're focusing on social network sites Is because It has million's of users which means a lot of fraud opportunities. In such a popular open software applications, it'll be easier for the hackers to reach and access personal information. One of the newest types of scams is email spoofing. Rafter defined email spoof as fake email messages, that looks Like it's a friend request.It comes with attached file as picture of the account asking for a request. These sorts of emails must carry some type of virus, for example a Trojan horse that tells password and other Important Information; It works If the receiver clicks on the attachment. Pushing campaign means, when the email Is demonstrating a page that's shows the login pages of any social network site in the content of the email. In addition, its fake, and any private information that entered in this page such as password is directly transferred to the hacker.In Youth scam, spammed create fake Youth accounts, and send requests to others Youth users through email asking them to see their profiles. For sure, if someone went to the link Its going to transfer them to he spammed website (Rafter. 2011). In the Gulf countries 25 percent of tablet users and 20 per cent of smartened owners received mails monthly with suspicious links. Also, 13 perce nt of mobile users had received letters from banks or social network sites. Statistics shows that 62% Of Emirates cannot Identify the Pushing Message (Bubbler, 2012).According to Speakeasy, about 35% of the PC's in the Gulf countries have been infected because the users opens any attachment in their e-mail, and 14 % of people entered their personal Information or financial Information In suspicious pages. Internet due to its publicity has been attracting fraudsters whose goals are embezzling users funds by using fake painful scenarios (Palfrey, et. Al, 2010). Owed to the fast respond from the users in the Internet, a fraudster could post fake and false Information or a story to gain money from people.Some of the well-known conducts include big donations under the name of poor country in Africa somewhere people are facing famines and starve to death. Fraudsters display videos and photos that users to donate finances for those poor countries. Unluckily, the fund doesn't go to the poor countries but to the cybernetics's pocket. This was the most common cybercafà © in the United Arab Emirates, which involve money fraud and extortion (Grab, 2014). According to official statistics in ABA Dhabi, â€Å"in 2011, 588 cases of cybercafà ©s were reported, while 792 cases were reported in 2012.The number of cases almost doubled to 1,419 in 2013†³ (Grab, 2014). Many local users have faced these kind of crimes, however according to Gun]obi (2011) Charity scams have been spreading between emirates users. Junior added (2011) these scampers goal is taking advantage of the locals kindness and their lack of awareness in the Internet field (Junior, 2011). According to Sultan AAA-Tamil, (201 1), Social networks sites have a huge number of users, thus, it will make a good fund from collecting money and donations to the victims.He said, there was a hash tag in twitter known by Dissocialized) that collect donations for the losses, they collect more than 70,000 SIR. The problem was that they weren't certain sure if these donations went to the victims and there families or not. An expert in ASK warned whoever wants to donate; they have to contribute with their money in a well-known donation organization to avoid sending their funds to an unknown organization that loud be a Fraudsters. He added, users in the Internet must look wisely into the online donations appeals even if they sound reliable, Just to avoid scampers.Many individuals felt that there should be authorized organizations to collect donations from social networks users to gain more aid for poor people to make sure that the money goes to those who really need it.

User modeling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

User modeling - Essay Example User modeling is one of the main techniques regarding assessment of user requirements, needs and features that they want in the new system. In several systems we need to embed some features those are targeted to only that particular class of the users. This report is also targeting a particular class of users to module, design, and develops the system. The user model holds the intact data and information that the system recognizes regarding the user. It is normally initialized either by means of default values or through questioning the user. After that, it is retained through the system, while the user can be capable to weigh up as well as edit their profile. User procedures and actions at a variety of abstract levels, like that task achievement, mouse clicks as well as requirements for assistance, are described through the user interface or foundation user application to the client profile. An analysis of these attributes incorporates the user profile using further models of the system to get hold of innovative or new "facts" regarding the user. This analysis is able to renovate the user profile by means of the resulting particulars or start an accomplishment in the application (Tecnodiscap, 2004). User modeling corresponds to the latest built user interface design. Equally spotlight on user requirements, as well as normally employ a wide-ranging research for the project domain. In customary user idea design, though, the effect is a particular user interface specified at system design time, while user modeling intended for adaptive edges construct a set of rules and models for building the user interface on run time. At the time of the system development, system designers model the system user individuality to be captured with the discrepancy of the user interface (Martà ­nez-Normand, 2007). In this section I will develop a user model for a particular user. Here we will assume that person facing difficulties in using a computer. Here I will create a

Marketing Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Discussion - Assignment Example For example, I got ripped off when the seller sold me an 8 oz bottle of mineral water at $5 each stating the water has health-revitalizing ingredients. Next day, I later learned that the all mineral water competitors, regardless of price sell the same type of mineral water. I could have bought a lower priced competitor’s product and save money for a snack food. Two days later, I took advantage of a store’s â€Å"discount sale† promotion and saved 70 percent on my purchase. Further, the average company can honestly make profits and similarly offer value to its current and prospective customers. To increase customer demand, the company must advertise the benefits of buying its products. For example, AMD grabbed a huge share of the Intel’s computer chip market segment because Microsoft refused to incorporate the changing needs of its current clients (Jagpal, 2008). REFERENCES: Jagpal, S. (2008). Fusion for Profit: How Marketing and Finance Can Work Together t o Create Value. New York: University Press. Lilien, G. (2012). Principles of Marketing . New York: Decision Pro Press. Question 5) Nike, Gatorade, and other companies implement both emotional and intellectual marketing strategies (Moehlman, 2010). Nike persuades its current and prospective customers that its shoe products are high quality products and fashion trend makers, a necessary ingredient of sport lifestyles (Hill, 2009). Gatorade insists that Gatorade is a high quality sports ability enhancing beverage, thirst quencher plus energy drink (Nestle, 2007). Further, the product advertising’s promise of a better sports life makes the consumer feel they are reaping the advertisement’s promises. For example, the Nike shoe wearer feels proud he or she intelligently bought and current feels the quality comfort. Consequently, other competitive products offer different benefits. For example, including Coke and Pepsi beverages, offers different benefits that include lower p rices and availability of the products. The companies maximize the point of differentiation in marketing communications by focusing on a market niche. Nike focuses on selling sports shoes. Gatorade markets sports drinks. REFERENCES: Hill, C. (2009). Strategic Management Theory. New York: Cengage Learning Press. Lilien, G. (2012). Principles of Marketing . New York: Decision Pro Press. Moehlman, M. (2010). Target Market. New York: BeWrite Press. 6) The United States sports shoe industry includes many competitors. The sports shoe industry caters to the shoe needs of athletes, sports buffs, and sports shoe lovers. Nike is the industry leader (2011 $24.13 billion) generating the highest 2011 revenue. Adidas is the challenger (2011 $18.82 billion) because of its lower revenue. Further, Adidas will exert additional efforts to reach Nike’s higher revenue level. To increase revenues, the three company types (leader, follower, and nicher) allocate significant budgets to advertise thei r products’ many advantages (Lamb, 2011). The three sports shoe competitors offer quality luxury products at competitive store prices. Each competitor offers comfort, reasonable price, and quality shoe products. The company having the best advertising appeal, pricing, availability or location, will win the current and prospective clients’ mind, heart, and money (Graf, 2009). Puma is the nicher (2011 $3.9 billion) by creating unique, individual, personalized products

How Is Indigenous History and the Current Situation of Indidenous Essay

How Is Indigenous History and the Current Situation of Indidenous Peoples in Victoria Presented at the Melbourne Museum's Bunjil - Essay Example At present, there are six such exhibitions, of which four permanent and two temporary. If you ckeck them out you will find that they deal with a great variety of subjects: history, legislation, rituals and ceremonies, art. The Aborigines have a very troubled history behind them and they still have unsolved issues that do not allow them to fully move forward and face the new times. Throughout time they passed on their artistry, they taught their children their stormy history, they fought for the recognition of their wrights and, generally, they remembered everything that was ever theirs, including the lands they "lost" to the sea, during the Holocene (15,000 to 10,000 years ago). (Singh et al., 2001, p.22) That may be so because for the Aborigines land also provided spiritual strength. (Singh et al., 2001, p.32) Indeed, a people which remembers and preserves its past so vividly deserves to be presented to the large public, because it is the recognition of this public that will help it move on into the future, while at the same time trying to hold on to the past, as well. The Aborigines and their early history Although none of the six exhibitions focuses on the early history of the Aborigines, a minimal knowledge of it could benefit anyone willing to visit the Indigenous exhibitions. ... With only a few carnivorous predators present, the settlers flourished. Some of them lived in a nomadic style, moving for access to water, food and resources. Where they could, the Aborigines made semipermanent dwellings, moving out only during the annual wet season. Very few of them lived by the sea and struggled to make out a living in permanent villages. We know that they used to burn the land in order to renew it, thus being also safe from major fires that appeared naturally in the dry season. It can be said that the Aborigines did not have the conditions to settle down properly and build cities, like other ancients peoples. Generally speaking, for a city to exist you must have a specific social class system, a geographical division into sections with administrative/ military functions, a religious space of some sort. (Levy, 2008, p.8) The Stolen Generations Between 1910-1970 around 100,000 Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families. (Singh et al., 2001, p.26) According to the laws of the time, Indigenous children could be removed from anywhere and at any time, without a court order, as the parents had no legal rights to the children. The purpose appears to have been to take the children, teach them to live like the whites and then turn them into domestics or labourers for the whites. In 1995 there began an inquiry into these matters, which was finalised in May 1997 with schocking results. (Singh et al., 2001, p.26) The report published stories of sexual abuses and excessive physical punishment. Sources say about the stolen children that "Despite claims that it was for their own good, they were not better educated, nor more likely to be employed and not receiving significantly higher incomes than people who were raised in their