Oedipus Rex †a Christ Figure Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Oedipus Rex a Christ Figure Sophocles famous tragedy, Oedipus Rex, perhaps the most meaning(a) and influential drama ever written (Sophocles 717), presents in the person of Oedipus the model of a good ruler, a humanely in regulateigent and vigorously active leader, a man who earlier saved his adopted city Thebes from disaster. Is Oedipus an alter Christus besides? The numerous parallels between the figure of the king Oedipus and the figure of Christ in the Scriptures prompts the referee to ask the above question. For example, in the opening lines of the drama, Oedipus greets the crowd of suppliants (including old men, boys and children) waiting at his palace doors with the words My children, latest born to Cadmus old, /Why sit ye present as suppliants, in your hands /Branches of olive filleted with wool? Later, the kings second address to the crowd begins Ah my poor children, known, ah, known too well,/The quest that brings you hither and your need. Other addresses to the people on the part of the king refer to them as children. There are many parallels to this in the Bible when Jesus addressed the people. In the gospel of Matthew alone, the word children is used 20 times, for example 39 . . .and do not presume to say to yourselves, We have Abraham as our father for I tell you, God is able from these stones to raise up children to Abraham. Jesus also said in Matthew 183 Truly, I say to you, unless you turn and become comparable children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven. In the same book (2337) Jesus said, O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, killing the prophets and stoning those who are sent to you How often would I have gathered your children together as a hen gathers her b... ...says I thank my God through Jesus Christ, thus associating the two very closely. consequently it is seen that there are many parallels between Sophocles drama, Oedipus Rex, in its treatment of the king, and the Bible with its treatment of Jesus, even though the latter w as written some 400 old age later than the former. WORKS CITED Oedipus the King. Tranlsted by Stephen Berg and Diskin Clay. In Literature of the Western World, redact by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984. Sophocles In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. http//etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi

Review of Literature on Abortion in the Family Essay -- Abortion Pregn

Review of Literature on Abortion in the Family Abortion is a very controversial subject that has been continuously argued over for the foregone few years and probably for many more years to come. Women who are making the decision are effected emotionally, mentally, and physically since their bodies are going by means of many changes which it is not accustomed to. The main controversy is, whos right is it to abort? Many will argue and say it is the womans right to chose what she does with her own body, but what virtually the fathers right? The mans involvement in the stillbirth decision is not about the womans choice, it is about his own responsibility to her and the churl (Arthur 1999). There are two sides to this abortion topic the pro-life, which is those who are against abortion altogether, and the pro-choice, or those who believe it is the womans right to choose if she wants to have an abortion. These two groups offer different solutions to the problem. The pro-life solution is to have the child and basically live with him/her. They believe abortion is not an answer. The pro-choice solution is abortion because of reasons they feel are appropriate. When maternity is unwanted women perceive the choice of abortion as the least of three evils abortion, adoption, or keeping the child (Smith, 2000). Pregnancy changes a womans life, regardless of whether or not it ends in abortion. The woman making the abortion decision looks at a variety of relationships to help her make the decision. Often, she will discuss her options with a physician or counselor. If she does decide to get an abortion, there are many factors she will have to face. According to an article in Business 2.0, written by David Shribman (2000), women who have had abortions are at greater risk of woefulness emotional and psychological problems which may interfere with their ability to concentrate, make decisions, and interact with others. As a result, it reduces the womans level of job skills and employment opportunities. Post-abortion women are more possible to engage in drug and alcohol abuse, often as a result of the guilt and negative feelings held inside of them after the abortion. This may pr howevert them from incoming other meaningful relationships. They are credibly to become pregnant again and undergo additional abortions and are more likely to neer marry, more likely divorce, and m... ... Legal abortion may help parents limit their families to the number of children they want and can afford, both financially and emotionally. Many unwanted babies are abused, neglected, or even killed by uncaring or immature parents (Smith 2000). There is a lack of babies up for adoption because abortion is legal. Perhaps if abortion was illegal, women could go ahead with the pregnancy and then give the baby up for adoption. Abortion is a significant issue in society that has a lot of conflicts. There is still no conclusion because one can see this problem from many different perspectives. If a person supports a pro-life or pro-choice group, they cannot judge objectively if the other group has a different way of thinking. Society cannot judge pro-life activists as a group who have no respect for a womans right. On the other hand, one cannot say that pro-choice is a better group because they are more aware of human needs. Society will never understand the feelings of a woman who has had an abortion unless they are in her place. To solve this problem, society needs to spend some time to think carefully and to enumerate both sides of the issue to make the best decision possible.

The influence of ancient Indian philosophy Essay -- History, Classica

Think mere India, and one instantly conjures images of an exotic land change with mysticism and rich in lore. Now think Classical Indian politics and the first supposition that comes to mind, the infamous class system. To better understand the caste system, one must know that upon its initial introduction the caste system was foreign to Classical India. It was in actuality the political system ordained by the noncitizen Aryans, Indo-European nomads who would settle in and later integrate with Classical India through the conquering of its eastern and southern regions, soon going on to establish a stable and partially unified administration and spreading its influence across all of Classical India (Bentley & Ziegler 76-77). When the caste system, eventually renamed the varna color system by the Aryans, was definitively widespread among Classical India it provided a very detailed social hierarchy amongst the Indian and Aryan peoples which included well defined classes and roles for t he people, and etiquettes regarding their respective class and role (Bentley & Ziegler 76-78). The question surmised from this stage setting is how was it that such a discriminate system, which assigned semi-permanent unequal classes, justified? The answer lies within the philosophy practiced by Classical India itself. From sacred text, such as The Vedas and Upanishads, political declarations from the ruler, such as the Edicts of Asoka, and Hindu text, such as The Laws of Manu and The Bhavagad-Gita. Classical Indian Philosophy helped to justify and enforce the varna caste system by explaining and defining the roles of the people, exaggerating the enormousness of dharma, karma and moksha in relation to their roles, and eventually dictating how one should act i... ...ds, or even the dictations presented in the Laws of Manu, these philosophies all helped to promote the nonions of the role of the people in society, the duties one had to match and the reasons for doing so, and the a ctions one should perform in regularity. By constantly retelling and reinforcing these concepts into the minds of the people, the philosophy was able to embed itself into the mindset of every person in Classical India. By winning away the choice of whether or not to listen to these philosophies, via repeated teachings that one had to follow dharma to find happiness, it was ensured that total dominion over a state, whether or not the subjects were aware, was possible. Humans can learn one very important lesson from Classical India, that with enough pre-programming any will could be forced upon a person, any thought inputted with resounding positivity.

Advertising And The Super Bowl Essay example -- essays research papers

Every year, megs of viewers from around the world tune in to watch one of the to the highest degree exhilarating events in sports unfold--the passing axial motion. The one- plot, winner-take-all contest for supremacy in the National Football League has grown into more than safe a football game opposing the best teams of the NFL. It has become the premier event for new television advertising. With half of the ten, all-time most watched television events having been Super bowls networks are able to sell precious seconds of airtime to large companies for millions of dollars. As we move into the 21st century, publicity for the games commercials has come to rival that of the game itself. Since its beginning, the Super Bowl has drawn top sponsor dollars and high television ratings. But there are two key events that are relate to the phenomenal rise seen in Super Bowl advertising to what it is today. In 1969, Joe Namath led his New York into Super Bowl III, where they knocked off th e Baltimore Colts in one of the most shocking Super Bowl upsets of all time, giving the American Football Conference credibility and causing Super Bowl ad rates to skyrocket. cardinal years later, in what is widely accepted as the most famous Super Bowl spot of all time, the Apple Computer was introduced, making it a household name and setting a new standard for Super Bowl advertising (Lohse 14).The incredible climb of Super Bowl advertising is most clearly shown by the current prices for airtime. In last years Super Bowl matchup between the New York Giants and Baltimore Ravens, companies paid CBS close to 2.4 million dollars for a thirty second slot. That amounts to over 75,000 dollars per second. CBS also heavily promoted and aired the show The Super Bowls Greatest Commercials, the night before the with child(p) game. The Super Bowl has become a phenomenon in and of itself for commercials. It provides a breeding ground for advertiser competition and creativity (Simmons 18). It i s the true test of successful advertising.Prestige, world(a) attention, and the desire to increase sales are some of the most obvious reasons companies want to have their ad shown during the Super Bowl. But there is another benefit that can come out of having your name or product aired during the big game. Free publicity. The social factor of public fascination with Super Bowl advertisements can crea... ...ers and viewers as possible. By bringing a more diversified market that not only follows football, but also ads, they have pure(a) exactly that (Lefton).Works CitedPosman, Adam. (1-24-01). Bully for the Super Bowl? INT Media. On-Line, xx. Available http// www.clickz.com/media/agency_stat/article.php/835871Lohse, Deborah. (1-22-01). The Real Super Bowl Competition Is Among Ads. Mercury News. P.14.Blakehorne, Dana. (1-17-2001). advertising During The Super Bowl A Mixed Bag. E-Business Report. On-Line, Available http//www.clickz.com/ebiz/ebiz_report/article/ pnp/835901.Bentman, Hillary. (1-26-2001). Dot-coms benched for Super Bowl kick-off. The Daily Free Press (Boston U.) p.7.Geddes, Darryl. (1-22-01) Corporate game plans for Super Bowl Ads. Cornell University Newsletter. P.3Goldberg, Marvin. (1-5-01). Advertising during the Super Bowl can be prime-time blunder. Penn State University College of Business Administration, vol.11, p.15-16.Lefton, Terry. (2-10-99). It Ads Up. Sport, vol.90,i2, p.26-27.Simmons, Mark. (2-7-2000). Super Bowl Sports vs. Advertising. Ask Men, vol.8,i10, p.18-20.Ryan

Revenge :: essays research papers

Taking revenge is a bitter sweet thing. I have always thought that flock should always get what they desire, whether it be a grade, a smile and hug or in some cases, revenge. When I was in high school there seemed to be individual always trying to get me in trouble, they would say things that wouldnt be true or do things to make me look bad. The particular that I never seemed to do anything to them would make me mad and wonder what I could do to get them back. Revenge would usually come in some bearing of verbal put down or I would try to physically hurt them. It always seemed when I would get the revenge right away I would feel really good but as I thought about what I did, and what they did to me I would always feel guilty or deprivation I would have never done anything to them in return. In the bible it is said that we should treat others as we would like to be treated, and when I would hurt someone physically or mentally I would be disobeying what the bible said. If I am t o get revenge on others, what happens when they get revenge on me, impart it ever stop or would it have been easier to just walk away and no say anything or let it bothered me. Now that Im in college I feel that revenge comes in different forms. Now instead of hurting others I am in for taking revenge on the basketball floor. If I get beat, it means my team and I didnt play up to our potential or that they worked harder than us on a give night. Its not a life or death matter but when the next plot comes I want to beat the life out of them. When the game is over and I feel that the revenge has been taken I dont feel like I shouldnt have done it or that I feel bad that they lost and I won, I have feelings of happiness and joy.

Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird :: essays research papers

One of the principal aims of To Kill a Mockingbird is to subject the narrator to a serial publication oflearning experiences and then observe how much she profits from her experiences. There is rarely a chapter that does not teach lookout man something new or does not mannequintoward a new learning experience. So, one rewarding approach to the novel is without an examination of these experiences.In the largest view, Scout learns about (1) justice and injustice through the TomRobinson trial (2) prejustice and its effects on the processes of the law and society (3)courage as manifested in ways others act and (4) respect for individuality of the humanbeing. On a smaller scale, Scout learns numerous things about numerous people shebecomes aware of the difficulty of being a lady, particularly when under dressed and shelearns when to react and not to fight.Many of scouts learning experiences being in clearly insignificant scenes. Ultimately she must learn to respect the difference in b ehavior amidst vastly differentpeople, especially when the behavior differs from the normal as radically as in the casesof Boo Radley, Mrs. Dubose, and the Cunninghams. So early in the novel, Scout in thenovel, Scout is faced with some confusing experiences at school, where she confronts ateacher who dosent understand wherefore she can read and where she meets WalterCunningham. Later, Atticus explains to her that to judge a person you must try to seethings from that persons point of view. You must learn to walk aroun in his skin. Thenyou cab uderstand better why a person acts or belives what he does.Only at the end of the novel does Scout finally learn to respect this saying. Untilthen, she remains curious and abrupt why Boo never came out of his house. In themeantime she goes through a series of maturing experiences. She learns how to see herfrom the teachers point of view she tries to judge the Cunninghams and the Ewells fromtheir side she bears the insults of the township and particularly the apperent viciousness ofMrs. Duboes. From all of these, she learns to look at the individuality of the othersFor Scout, courage is most often something with physical act and involvespersonal danger. It is very difficult for Scout to see that greater courage is often requiredin other places of life. Scout learns that the greatest courage can be found in a situationwhere a person knows that he is going to lose and still continues to fight.

Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird :: essays research papers

One of the principal aims of To Kill a Mockingbird is to sphere the narrator to a series oflearning experiences and then observe how much she profits from her experiences. There is rarely a chapter that does not teach Scout something stark naked or does not buildtoward a new learning experience. So, one rewarding approach to the novel isthroughout an examination of these experiences.In the largest pick up, Scout learns around (1) justice and injustice through the TomRobinson trial (2) prejustice and its effects on the processes of the law and society (3)courage as manifested in ways others act and (4) look upon for individuality of the humanbeing. On a smaller scale, Scout learns numerous things about numerous people shebecomes aware of the difficulty of being a lady, in particular when under dressed and shelearns when to fight and not to fight.Many of scouts learning experiences being in cl other(a) insignificant scenes. Ultimately she must learn to detect the divagation in behavior between vastly differentpeople, especially when the behavior differs from the normal as radically as in the casesof Boo Radley, Mrs. Dubose, and the Cunninghams. So early in the novel, Scout in thenovel, Scout is faced with some confusing experiences at school, where she confronts ateacher who dosent understand why she can remove and where she meets WalterCunningham. Later, Atticus explains to her that to judge a person you must try to seethings from that persons point of view. You must learn to walk aroun in his skin. and soyou cab uderstand better why a person acts or belives what he does.Only at the end of the novel does Scout finally learn to respect this saying. Untilthen, she remains curious and confused why Boo never came out of his house. In themeantime she goes through a series of maturing experiences. She learns how to see herfrom the teachers point of view she tries to judge the Cunninghams and the Ewells fromtheir side she bears the insults of the town and pa rticularly the apperent viciousness ofMrs. Duboes. From all of these, she learns to look at the individuality of the othersFor Scout, courage is most often something with physical act and involves in the flesh(predicate) danger. It is very difficult for Scout to see that greater courage is often requiredin other places of life. Scout learns that the greatest courage can be found in a situationwhere a person knows that he is going to lose and still continues to fight.

Amount Of Pea Seeds Marked Health And Social Care Essay

In the experiment a method acting of gauging the people size called gaining control rove release recapture was simulated. The general process is to capture a foresee of beingnesss ( random ideal ) and tag them ( without harming them or altering their behavior ) . They be so released back into their original population. The premise is that they will blend with the unmarked persons in a random manner. After a suited clip a second random sample of the population must(prenominal) be captured. A certain proportion of this 2nd sample will be marked from the early gaining control. This is the kindred proportion as the original first ( marked ) sample was to the full population This technique as eyees that birthrate, mortality, in-migration and out-migration is zero. 1 The simulation of the experiment was base on the exchange of investigated species. Alternatively of carnal persons capable of migrating and reproducing we used pea plant seeds suited for the research lab conditi ons. In lodge to increase the cogency of the investigating we divided into four groups and each of them marked different sum of pea seeds. The squads composing and their undertakings are summarised in the tabular array beneath.2Figure 1 A foresee demoing pea seedsTable 1 The squads composing and differences between the sum of pea seeds marked for each group.Number of the group assemblage composingSum of pea seeds marked in the beginning aggroup 1 * Agata Pydych,Patrycja Rybak, Inez Gordon120 company 2Wiktoria NowaczyAska, Urszula PAotka90Group 3Jakub Koenner,Joanna Tomaszewska60Group 4Jakub CzerwiAski,Marcelina Doering30To get down with informations aggregation I am traveling to show the informations obtained by all the groups in the tabular array belowTable 2 Complete informations obtained by all groups in the experimentNumber of pronounced persons in the sample /Entire figure of persons in the sample( A 1 seed ) 3 Entire figure of persons in a fund( A 1 seed )Number of th e sample1st2nd tertiary4th5thGroup 1*31/34327/23720/31737/33428/3111539Group 219/36018/35819/33516/34719/3551598Group 313/35113/33613/32411/36420/3601557Group 45/3355/30511/3016/3148/3201403To get down with informations treating I am traveling to cipher the humble value representative for both figure of pronounced persons in the sample and completed figure of persons in the sample in each group severally. In order to find the flirt with values I am traveling to practice the expression below.4wherex is a value obtained in one samplen is a figure of all samples in a measuring consider is the mean valueFirst, I am traveling to cipher the average value for figure of pronounced persons in the sample in my group ( Group 1 ) . The mean values must be rounded off to an whole number figure as it represents the sum of persons.Example,Mean = = 28.6 a? 29The separate values were calculated in the same method. The consequences are shown in the tabular array below.Table 3 The average val ues calculated for the informations obtained in tail fin samplesAverage figure of pronounced persons ( A 1 seed )Average entire figure of persons ( A 1 seed )Entire figure of persons in a stock ( A 1 seed )Group 1*293081539Group 2183511598Group 3143471557Group 473151403In order to increase cogency of my consequences I am traveling to cipher the Standard deflexion. The criterion digression is the step that is around frequently used to depict variableness in informations distributions. It can be thought of as a unsmooth step of the mean sum by which observations deviate on either side of the mean. As the investigated population is non infinite, for ciphering the sample release of a sample alteration the denominator from n to n-1. 5 The expression is inclined belowwherex is a value obtained in one measuring is the mean of the valuesn is a figure of measuringsSD is the standard deflection utilise the values recorded by my group I am traveling to cipher the standard divergenc e of the figure of pronounced persons and the entire figure of persons severally. The first computation is shown belowExample,SD = = a? 6.20 ( 3 beta figures )The value for standard divergence of the entire figure of persons was calculated in the same method. The consequences are shown in the tabular array below.Table 4 The values for standard divergence calculated for the informations recorded by my groupStandard Deviation ( persons )Standard Deviation ( % )( rectify to 3 important figures )Average figure of pronounced individuals/ Average entire figure of personsGroup 1 * 6.20/41.921.4/13.6Group 21.30/10.27.22/2.91Group 33.46/16.824.7/4.84Group 42.55/13.436.4/4.25Having the information for standard divergence completed I am traveling to plot graphs demoing consequences sing all groups with the standard divergence indicated. The graphs are disposed belowGraph 1 My group s consequences demoing mean figure of pronounced persons and entire persons in a sample with the standard div ergence indicated on the barsGraph 2 Consequences obtained by the Group 2 demoing mean figure of pronounced persons and entire persons in a sample with the standard divergence indicated on the barsGraph 3 Consequences obtained by the Group 3 demoing mean figure of pronounced persons and entire persons in a sample with the standard divergence indicated on the barsGraph 4 Consequences obtained by the Group 4 demoing mean figure of pronounced persons and entire persons in a sample with the standard divergence indicated on the barsOn the footing of calculated informations for standard divergence I am able determine the distribution of this information.The a posteriori Rule is a regulation of pollex that applies to informations sets with frequence distributions that are mound-shaped and symmetricApproximately 68 % of the measurings will fall deep down 1 standard divergence of the mean.Approximately 95 % of the measurings will fall at heart 2 standard divergences of the mean.Approxi mately 99.7 % ( basically all ) of the measurings will fall deep down 3 standard divergences of the mean. 6 Hence, in order to find the distribution of values stand foring my informations set, per centum values of standard divergence must be multiplied by a factor of 2 as they concern distribution on both sides of the mean.Example,21.4 A- 2 = 42.8The other values were calculated in the same method. The consequences are shown in the tabular array below.Table 5 Summary of information sing standard divergenceStandardDeviation( % )Sum of values of per centum standard divergence refering both sides of the mean ( % )Number of standard divergence within which the value falls harmonizing to the Empirical Rule( rectify to 3 important figures )Average figure of pronounced personsGroup 1 * 21.442.81Group 27.2214.41Group 324.749.41Group 436.472.82Average entire figure of personsGroup 113.627.21Group 22.915.821Group 34.849.681Group 44.258.501Subsequently I am traveling to cipher the per centum of the distribution within 1 and 2 standard divergence. The expression for ciphering per centum is given below7wherea is a figure of copiousness of one valueb is a entire figure of all values% is a per centum valueExample,The value calculated above represents the per centum value of copiousness of the information set obtained in the probe within 1 standard divergence. Subtracting this value from 100 % gives the value stand foring copiousness of informations within 2 standard divergence.Hence,100 % + 87.5 % = 12.5 %The consequences are performed in the tabular array below.Table 6 Percentage values calculated for copiousness of values within 1 and 2 standard divergencesPercentage value ( % )( rectify to 3 important figures )Valuess falling within 1 standard divergence87.5Valuess falling within 2 standard divergence12.58Figure 2 A graph demoing per centum of normal distribution tonss in each intervalAiming to cipher the estimated population size I am traveling to utilize Lincoln Index. Establishing on the undermentioned proportionWheren1 figure of pronounced persons in the beginning ( presented in the Table 1 )n2 mean entire figure of persons in the samplen3 mean figure of pronounced persons in the sampleN figure of persons in the entire populationI am able to infer to formula for the entire size of the population which is given belowExample,The other values were calculated in the same method. The consequences are shown in the Table 7.In order to enable the comparing of degree of truth for each group I am traveling to cipher the per centum difference utilizing the expression given below9Wherea experimental valueb theoretical valueExample,The other values were calculated in the same method. The consequences are shown in the tabular array below.Table 7 Comparison of deliberate value of the population size and the value obtained via manus numerationEntire figure of persons in a stock ( A 1 seed )Estimated population size ( A 1 seed )Percentage disagre ement ( right to 3 important figures, % )Group 1 * 1539127417.2Group 2159817559.82Group 3155714874.50Group 4140313503.78Subsequently I am traveling to plot the graph in order to show in the graphical signifier the difference between the values obtained after holding counted peas seeds during the employment and the values obtained after holding applied the Lincoln index.Graph 5 The comparing of the values of population size obtained utilizing computations affecting Lincoln Index and manual numeration during the exercising. The standard divergence of estimated values and uncertainness of manual numeration is indicated on the mistake bars.Additionally I am traveling to plot a graph demoing per centum disagreement between values obtained after using Lincoln index and the values obtained after manual computations of pea seeds. The graph is given belowGraph 6 The per centum disagreement between theoretical and estimated population sizeConclusion & A EvaluationTo get down with I can s tate that the values obtained are irrelevant. As can be seen on the Graph 6 the per centum difference lessening with lessening in the figure of pronounced persons which is contradictory to the premise. It is expected that the bigger figure of pronounced persons, the bigger cogency of the consequences. Such consequences are non triggered by inaccurate measurings which is provided by computation of standard divergence ( Table 5 ) . 87.5 % of the values of standard divergence autumn within 1 standard divergence on the graph of normal distribution which leads to a decisions that the spread of values around the mean is little ( Table 6 ) . This information suggests that the measurings itself are valid. Hence, the ground of such unexpected reciprocality lies is a different country. Notwithstanding, the major restriction of the process was overly little sum of measurings. Harmonizing to the literature 10 , sing a sample investigated at least eight measurings must be undertaken. In conform ity with Paetkau ( 2004 ) 11 , ever-changing sample size of pronounced persons does non impact the value of estimated population size. Apart from this, with the addition of the sum of pronounced persons, the estimated population size additions, get downing from being underestimated, through cut downing this prejudice, up to a point where the values start to be overestimated. 12 Therefore, as the consequences are contradictory to the premise, the process itself must be invalid.It must be taken into consideration that the Markss applied by a marker could hold be randomly removed from some sum of pea seeds. The sum of seeds is impossible to find, therefore it can non be assumed to be the ground of such disagreement for certain.Another failing of the process is that in malice of that fact that each group used the same container to roll up samples it was hardly impossible to avoid semilunar cartilage mistake collect to round form of pea seeds. Merely in the instance of liquids exact sum of investigated substance can be determined. In order to avoid this contemplate the simulation of the capture-mark-release-recapture method could be conducted utilizing smaller and flattened persons like lentil.Further drawback was elongated in clip manual numeration of pea seeds. Although this is the lone method for obtaining information about the entire figure of persons in the stock it could be facilitated if more people were involved in numbering. Therefore, I would propose working in bigger groups. Due to uneven sum of pupils in the category my group was composed of three people thanks to which one of us recounted the seeds in order to increase the certainty. However, other groups did non hold an chance to obtain such support.It could be argued whether the process might be considered as dependable or non. This estimation of population size relies on a figure of premises. One of them is that population demands to hold really low in-migration and out-migration. In the instance of pea seeds the lone migrating action mechanism could be noted when seeds fell from the tabular array which could be applied merely to out-migration. However, such state of affairs did non occurred in our experiment in important sum. It is besides stated that births and deceases are negligible, nevertheless in the instance of pea seeds this phenomena can non be taken into consideration at all. The seeds can non be analysed uncomplete on the degree of their mobility, dispersion within a geographical country, mortality, birthrate nor conspicuousness to marauders. 13 Merely the premise that organisms mix indiscriminately within the populations can be referred to this simulation. as well as random halving of seeds can be considered as reproduction. It could be besides mentioned that due to utilizing pea seeds, ethical issues were conserved as investigated persons were non harmed by taging method. Another positive aspect was that the method of capturing had no consequence on the per sons. In existent instances where carnal populations are being investigated, being captured can be pleasant or offensive which distorts the cogency of consequences.

Marriage versus living together Essay

man and wife is tradeed to improve well- being and the health of the worlds population. Findings from researches indicate that, in general, married couples are healthier physically, happier, experience better mental health, live longer, feel more contented and rarely suffer from physical abuse (McGowan, 2006). However, impacts of living(a) together in the lead legal marriage which is known as pre matrimonial cohabiting are very detrimental. Cohabiting is associated with increased aggression and conflict thus increasing the opportunity of separation in later marriages.It is noted that direct negative effect is created by living in pre marital union on later marital stability whereby living together before marriage undermines the legality of formal marriages thus reducing the required marriage commitment. This results to shifting from one partner to other by cohabitants seeking for the right partner thus an average cohabitant is considered in a lifetime to construct several part ners. Young mountain nowadays consider living together then marrying later instead of marring then live together (McGowan, 2006).It is noted that most of the people who decide to live together before marriage their communication skills with each other are very poor which most likely leads to separation. This is as a result of failure for the partners to discuss their concerns or personal problems since they dont feel that their partner has a right to hear about them or its none of their business. In marriage, your partners concerns and problems are yours to a fault hence the family is strengthened through effective communication.The reason why conflicts are difficult to resolve in people cohabiting is that, they try to use a kiss or hug instead of establishing the capacity to talk through them. Marriages are considered to be held together through trust, openness, spiritual intimacy, true friendship, and honesty which affect effort and to stand the test of time in order to develo p. Extra marital affairs are more likely to increase in people who cohabit before marriage.Premarital behaviour and attitudes concerned with sex continue even in marriage whereby the probability of partners cheating in marriage is spirited if they used to live together before marriage (McGowan, 2006). The reason behind it is that, cohabiting is not founded on lasting relationship but it is based on fugitive romance. Romance without relationship is known as the brief most excellent encounter. However, marriage has excellent relationships built upon enjoying and knowing each ones partner not alone on sexual but also on recreational, social, divine, openness and intellectual levels.This explains why always married partners have higher levels of loyalty regarding to faithfulness in marriage. Cohabiting is considered as a private business founded on an emotional bond whereby there is no hope for the future, no public obligation and no positive decree of responsibility and love. The pa rtners stay together so long as their self driven interests are met in the relationship otherwise the obligation of the relationship is a month to month leasing contract and one can quit anytime.On the other hand, marriage is more than a love agreement (McGowan, 2006). Marriage encompasses societal and legal responsibilities thus its a public event. It unites not only two people but also families and communities. That is the reason all newlyweds curse till death do us part. In summary, cohabiting is a marriage of convenience which can be disposed any time. Married couples have marriage of commitment which never comes to an end regardless of challenges experienced. Work cited McGowan, J. (2006). Marriage versus Living Together. USA Oxford University Press.

Educatinal Technology Essay

Examine common chord (3) of the issues you feel are most essential in shaping the role of engineering science in procreation. Analyze why they are most of the essence(predicate) ones The role of the education in this global earth is increasing apiece day. There are a lot of foc victimisations, strategies and approaches to increase quality of education. One of most effective way is integrating technology in to the education. That is c altogethered educational technology.There are a lot of advantages of technology in the class but I will give information about terce advantages of technology in the classes which are freedom, equality of the education and creativity. Technology in the education is giving more freedom to instructors and students. How? As a mathematics instructor in a public school I can give examples from my own experiences. I use smart board and smart pad in my classes. I prepare my lesson plan as software and I reflect on the board or on the screen. While I a m move around the class I can teach.I breakt meet spent my time for writing the definitions or questions and cleaning the board. I dont have turn my back to the students which is helping me for classroom management. As another example when I am teaching geometric figures even three dimensional figures now my drawing is not a problem anymore. With Mimio smart board I can visualize better. My students have more time to learn. And I put my class notes to website for students who missed the day or who couldnt understand well. They still have chance review everything that they missed.I think this is the most important issue for role of the technology in the education. It is giving more time for teaching. It is another sole role of the technology in teaching, giving equal luck to all students. There are a lot of people who are seeking for education but they cannot reach it because of lack school or teacher . Maybe it is not common in U. S. A but around the world it is common. For these people technology is only hope. Or some people resembling me who have to support a family and want to get a degree online education is the only way.With technology everybody has an opportunity to learn. For some special and minor issues technology is helping us so much too, for instance I have a student who is dyslexic. To make him focus to class and understand better lodgings computers are very helpful. In my country Turkish Government is giving free tablets to all students. The last and I think most important benefit of the educational technology is increasing creativity. With standing front of the board and giving lecture we cannot individualize the education.It is a known fact every bodies learning way and level is different, from this perspective each person is unique. Especially if there is a big diversity in the class lecturing will not help. And if all students learn the same thing with same way it will not develop their creativity conversely it will decrease the creativ ity. To enhance students creativity we have to integrate technology in the education. With this way the students can learn with their own way and level. There is a web site that I use in my math applying classes (www. studyisland. om) , at the beginning of the year students are taking a diagnostic test and depends their results system is giving a unique way to each student, may be the system is not perfect but the idea is so beautiful. In twenty first century we are aware of that education is more complicated than we taught. Teachers are facing with different problems such as dyslexia, ADHD/ADD, asperger syndrome. To individualize education technology is very helpful. Increasing technology using will develop creativity ,freedom and opportunity in the education. Page 1 Page 1

Geometric Design Of Rural Roads Engineering Essay

It is a reasoned known f actuate that despatch accidents in southwestern Africa argon serious causes of concern. Harmonizing to the latest accident statistics at that place has been an rundown in the figure of gay deaths.Harmonizing to the article on the Arrive Alive meshing site ( way decease toll unacceptable ) 1 dated 3 January 2010, Transport Minister Sibusiso Ndebele is disappointed with the street decease toll, stating that one human death on the state s roadstead is one excessively many. Preliminary statistics released by the section on 2 January 2010 revealed that 1050 spate had died in route related incidents during December 2009.N3 in high spiritsroad safety is non merely a major concern for entropy Africa but so a concern that requires the immediate attending of different states worldwide. The Commission for Global Road Safety has during June 2006 presented a exact titled Make Roads Safe 2 that could h former(a) an consequence on the sort we approach route safety. The study aims to concentrate on political and public attending and relates to the planetary route traffic hurt epidemic that claims the lives of 1.2 million people and hurts around 50 million yearly.Table Gay period figures December 2008StateClangFatalitiesDrivers departengersPedestriansSumGeneral practitioner2066958105232KZN1944495109248WCP104353851124ECP117365653145FST83304235107MPU131655244161NWP81283840106LIM132598035174NCP2491953310733714784711331Beginning Traffic Focus March 2008, p38, Fatal Road Accident Statistics by Cielie Karow ( RTMC )The study besides indicates that unsafe roads have a burning(prenominal) impact on developmental aims, particularly because of the huge frugal and societal cost of route clangs to low and in-between income states. South Africa is in this class. It is of import that the cognition gained by high income states be transferred and implemented in South Africa.The N3 path is a popular path during vacations and with high volumes of rider and cargo traffic on the roads, there is prone to be serious and fatal accidents. Road fury, velocity and number one wood behaviors are non the lone cause of these accidents. Holiday periods are by and large during the rainy season and route elements, particularly drainage, contribute to accidents.SuperelevationThere are changing point of views and panoramas among civil technology professionals on the use of superelevation values given in the thyrotropin-relea babble factor 17 3 and SANRAL s nonrepresentational bod Guidelines 4 .The geometric project ruminations exact to be reviewed particularly when it relates to route surface drainage at points where the route has no crossfall during development of superelevation. Presently the SANRAL drainage Manual, 5th Edition Final Revision, p5-2 5 recommends that the time period depth during a 15 twelvemonth storm should non transcend 6mm. This is in contrast to the highroad Drainage Manual ( FHWA-TS-79-225 ) 6 recommendation of 4mm. Harmonizing to Highway tireface radiation pattern ( Transit New Zealand ) Manual 7 , the critical deepness for aquaplaning scopes from 4mm to 10mm depending on tire and paving surfacing. The surface body of water deepness hence, should be restricted to 4mm for all but particular state of affairss where superelevation produces long, curved flow waies. There are trinity common particular state of affairss where surface H2O deepness may go critical, to wit , horizontal alliance curvature, intersections and inclines and superelevation development.2.2 Why is the research being undertaken?Standards for superelevation where draw upright classs have a direct consequence on drainage on horizontal curves have non been developed harmonizing to the TRB 8 . Drain jobs associated with superelevation has resulted in an addendum ( particularly at route broadenings ) in vehicular accidents and a thorough survey of the surface H2O flow waies on route surfaces due to superelevation indigences need to be farther investigated, researched and take apartd. The proposed outline and context of the research proposal bequeath place the factors ofttimes(prenominal) as velocity impacting the fomite kineticss at alert or decreased horizontal curves where flow waies of surface H2O are debatable and can take to aquaplaning.Driver behavior during aquaplaning in concurrence with the geometric design of the roadway are factors considered in the research. This survey depart be done under heavy vehicular traffic conditions during inauspicious conditions conditions. Context Sensitive forge ( CSD* ) 9 for the geometric design of safer roads go out be addressed in the research survey.2.3 How allow the consequences add to the organic structure of cognition?The TRH 17 papers was compiled to be a design guideline for the geometric design of rural roads in penchant to criterions. An aim of the TRH 17 was to continuously amend the bill of exchange pape rs, through audience between the g all overnments, treatment with practicians and ongoing research. This has non happened. It is common pattern by geometric interior architects to expend the TRH 17 papers for the design of rural roads without oppugning the values obtained in the tabular arraies and graphs. The cogency of the guidelines should be judged by the geometric interior decorator in each specific state of affairs both blot good as the cause of going from the values suggested.Similarly SANRAL s Geometric Design Guidelines have been developed to help design advisers. The inceptions of the guidelines stem from AASHTO 10 . Currently there is no criterions developed for SA and these guidelines are authority specific.Literature limited reviewThe belles-lettres reappraisal will depict the current province of cognition on the component and will be researched. Applicable writings listed hereunder have been identified.* Context fine design ( CSD ) asks inquiries foremost nearly the demand and intent of the transit undertaking, and so every bit addresses safety, mobility, and the saving of scenic, aesthetic, historic, environmental, and other community values. CSD involves a collaborative, interdisciplinary fire in which citizens are portion of the design squad. 3.1 Reference certificationRefer to list of mentions ( 11.3 List of Mentions ) .How will the literature reappraisal nexus with the job statement and research aims?The literature reappraisal gives a background and base cognition to develop in this research survey.Case surveyAs portion of the on-going committedness towards route safety, convenience and mobility, N3TC conducted a comprehensive route safety audit in 2006 11 which highlighted velocity as the chief cause of accidents at assorted locations along the N3 between Cedara and Heidelberg. Sections where velocity bounds are posted inquires forbearance, appropriate decreases in velocity and full concentration on the portion of drivers. Accidents in these countries frequently occur because drivers lose restrain due to rushing, every bit good as the high velocity derived functions between heavy and light vehicles. Mist and inauspicious conditions conditions have a important impact of driver conditions.Van Reenen s Pass is one of the most beautiful subdivisions of the N3 exceeding the escarpment between the Free State and Kwazulu-Natal renowned for its slippery and unstable roads ( peculiarly as a consequence of the frequent brumous conditions ) .The route is steep, really steep in topographic points, and tours and turns as it follows the cragged terrain. The conditions is risky at times with high air currents capable of blowing trains, light vehicles and light trucks onto their sides. Snow has on a figure of occasions wholly closed the Van Reenen s Pass, whilst mist and rain on a regular basis cut down profile and render the route faithlessly unsafe. It is of peculiar involvement the visibleness of a figure of s kid Markss on the route surfacing and guardrail replacing.Traffic, in peculiar heavy traffic, increases yearly as the economic system grows. Trucks relentlessly grind up and down Van Reenen s Pass twenty-four hours and dark, while during extremum traffic periods every bit many as 3000 vehicles per hr use the base on balls. Using September 2004 to August 2006 statistics 12 , the day-to-day norm traffic was 9100 vehicles, of which 2600 were big trucks ( 5 axles or more ) , about a 3rd of all vehicles. During the month of December 2007 recorded at the Van Reenen s Pass, the mean day-to-day traffic reached 11000. The velocity derived functions between trucks in low cogwheel and the powerful new coevals of light vehicles is highly awful, both up and down the base on balls. High velocity derived functions ( 76 % of drivers exceed the velocity bound on the base on balls ) and failure to accommodate velocity in relation to fortunes, have contributed to 70 % of all accidents on the base o n balls over this period. The consequences do non portray a pretty image and from a route safety point of position, Van Reenen s Pass is the individual most unsafe subdivision of the N3.N3TC has identified and addressed route safety on Van Reenen s Base on balls from three points of position, viz. technology, instruction and enforcement 13 . N3TC has implemented intercessions to cut down the figure of accidents on the base on balls but presently the greatest causes of accidents is by vehicle murkiness ( inoperative brakes in peculiar ) , rear-end hits due to high velocity derived functions, unsafe inter-lane tactics and driver freak out in issue conditions conditions.Elementss impacting safety at superelevationThe drainage conditions of the roadway in relation to the vehicle kineticss need to be farther investigated as superelevation along crisp horizontal curves with decreased sight distances presents a important degree of driver concentration. The driver tends to rectify the v ehicular way. The surface stormwater run-off flow way along the horizontal curve effect natural braking forces which in bend can take to seaplaning ( or aquaplaning ) .Aquaplaning occurs when H2O force per unit areas build up in forepart of a traveling tire ensuing in an uplift force sufficient to divide the Sur from the paving. During high strength rainwater events, a H2O movie builds up on the surface on the route. The hazard of vehicle aquaplaning additions as the deepness of this movie increases. The loss of maneuvering and drag force produced during aquaplaning may so do the vehicle to lose control, particularly when a guidance Sur is involved. Rainfall strength is the most of import environmental factor in hydroplaning.The hazard of dynamic aquaplaning is tasteful relative to the deepness of H2O in the route surface. This deepness is affected by a broad scope of factors that are contributed to by the environment such(prenominal) as the geometric design, paving design, dra inage design and care and by the status of the vehicle.The geometry of the route has a big consequence on the H2O deepness and is the factor over which the geometric interior decorator has the most control. The length of clip H2O is able to remain on the route will act upon the deepness it achieves. Longer flow waies intend more clip to roll up rainfall and consequence in higher movie deepnesss. Changes in superelevation, trim back horizontal alliance and droop curves are nearly of the job countries where the incline is low or where H2O has to flux a long manner over the paving before being intercepted by a drainage system or dispersing into the next terrain. Superelevation alterations can ensue in long curving flow waies which may be debatable. infuseer longitudinal inclines can besides increase the flow way length and ensuing deepness.The paving texture deepness effects the H2O deepness by leting some of this H2O to flux between the sum or in channels supplying flow waies to le t H2O in forepart of the Sur to be forced out under force per unit area. Porosity can besides be considered as some pavings such as open-graded porous asphalt allow H2O to run out through them, taking it off from the surface. Wheel path depressions have a important consequence on the drainage patterns increasing H2O deepness and concentrating flow. The N3 has changing pavement surfacing of which an analysis will be done sing the flow way on these surfaces.Pavement drainage solutions is indispensable to endorsement that no H2O is able to pond on the trafficable route surface, peculiarly in sag countries. This is critical in order to cut down the aquaplaning hazard.Vehicle features and behaviors are besides of import factors in aquaplaning. The velocity at which a vehicle needs to go to get down aquaplaning is determined by H2O deepness but besides by the vehicle s weight and Sur features. The vehicle weight determines how much uplift force is needed to bring on separation and it fol lows that a lighter vehicle will aquaplane at a lower velocity. Higher Sur force per unit areas increase the aquaplaning velocity by cut downing the contact country between Sur and route, increasing the vehicle s weight to country ratio. Tyre pace deepness besides affects aquaplaning the same manner as pavement texture, with deeper pace traveling the H2O off from the country of contact more efficaciously. While minimal tyre pace deepness and maximal velocity are both specify by jurisprudence, minimal weight and Sur force per unit areas are non. These are vehicle maker recommendations specific.In drumhead, drainage demands versus vehicle kineticss are the firebird factors to be considered in the development of superelevation standards at decreased horizontal curves to minimise aquaplaning on the N3. Practical considerations such as Sur deepness, paving features and drainage solutions will be evaluated along the path.The assorted literature reviewed amplifies the demand for safer ro ads and the N3 is considered to be the most traveled path in South Africa.Research backgroundSignificant roadway debasement such as shining of sums, hemorrhage of bitumen and rutting depletes the clash supply available for cornering. This depletion consequences from the usage of a part of the clash supply to supply the necessary braking force call for to keep velocity on the downgrade. The velocity of the vehicles on the roadway and the vehicle kineticss will necessitate to be analysed as differing vehicles have different clash forces exerted on the roadway. It can non be assumed that the relevant design standards for a auto is similar to that of a truck or frailty versa. As the Independent Engineer, my old audit studies 14 on the N3 has indicated the assorted surfacing failures. Skid Markss are significantly prevailing and N3TC/SANRAL/DOT accident studies will necessitate to be investigated as portion of the research survey.It is noted from the TRH 17 that the design vehicle is a individual unit truck. This unwanted combination consequences in a important lessening in the border of safety ensuing from roadway class, particularly for heavy vehicles.On long or reasonably steep classs, drivers tend to go faster in the downgrade than in the upgrade way. Additionally, research has shown that the side clash demand is greater on both downgrades ( due to braking forces ) and steep ascents ( due to the grip forces ) . Downgrades on horizontal curves may be debatable, and that accommodation for it may be desirable in some instances. There are no guidelines as to how this accommodation should be made for two-lane or multilane divided or undivided roadways.Some accommodation in superelevation pass judgment should be considered for classs bluff than 5 % . This accommodation is peculiarly of import on roadways with high truck volumes and on low-speed roadways with intermediate curves utilizing high degrees of side clash demand. The superelevation alteration propositio n high spots that this accommodation be made by utilizing higher design velocities standards for the geometric design of the roadway.More unequivocal counsel on this accommodation, every bit good as accommodation for other elements of the horizontal curve, is needed. The design velocity versus minimal curve radii of horizontal curvature needs farther probe to guarantee safety on crisp horizontal curves taking the other related factors like superelevation, etc into consideration.The article published in the Pretoria News, Wet conditions causes a build up in route accidents 15 refers to the important addition in roadway accidents during showery conditions. The drainage demands and vehicle kineticss in relation to superelevation design of the roadway will be investigated and researched.I have consulted assorted professional applied scientists, engineers 16 and autonomous advisers 17 in the transit industry. The response received was favourable in footings of the demand for fa rther probes of superelevation in relation to drainage demands and vehicle kineticss for roadway geometric design.Research jobs and purposesI am presently the IE ( independent applied scientist ) and have audited the workaday route care points of the N3 for the past 3 old ages. As such, I have entree to some informations to analyze as portion of the survey.Assorted subdivisions of the N3 are presently being upgraded or rehabilitated to better the quality and lifetime of the route due to vehicular traffic additions. There is important freight motion. This has resulted in an addition in vehicular accidents. My point of view on the design considerations adopted on the N3 is subjective as driver safety factors and other extenuating hazards of vehicular accidents need to be farther investigated.From a geometric design analysis point of view, road-widening and general roadway rehabilitation are designed harmonizing to the bing roadway conditions and drainage jobs associated with superele vation is prevailing. Ponding has been recorded and opthalmic grounds is prevailing in certain countries. The general stormwater design standards should be viewed and analysed otherwise from the Kwazulu-Natal conditions as opposed to the Free-State and Gauteng conditions as the overflow rainfall strength and clip of concentration varies significantly.This survey will sketch and place the undermentioned conditions with specific superelevation standards development on the N3 pathSuperelevation standards at steep gradients ( turn overing to cragged terrain ) with reduced/sharp horizontal curves Drain jobs associated with superelevation Flow waies on route surfaces due to superelevation andSpeed and Vehicle kineticss at crisp horizontal curves.Steep classs at crisp horizontal curves presents a unsafe state of affairs for traffic.The two scenarios where this status is prevailing is at broken-back curves on cragged terrain ( Van Reenen s Pass specifically and other identified countries ) with multi-lane, 2-way roads ( whether it is divided or undivided ) and/or high velocity downgrade at/before perpendicular droop curves.At these locations, the perplexing factors of vehicle off-tracking , pavement incline ( crossfall ) , and pavement clash tests the drivers ability to supply right vehicle positioning without compromising control of the vehicle. It has besides been recorded that air current has been a cause of accidents as the vehicles can non grip onto the roadway ( particularly at Windy Corner on the Van Reenen s Pass.From old design considerations, accident-related jobs have arisen where, as a consequence of Reconstruction, bing main roads have been rebuilt utilizing the 8 % -10 % superelevation rates in conformism with current guidelines. The rate of superelevation development is nevertheless non reviewed or adjusted.Research methodological analysisThe research attack has a both qualitative and quantitative attack.The theoretical research will consist of m athematical analysis with mold and simulation. The current geometric design guidelines for rural roads ( TRH 17 and SANRAL s Geometric Guidelines ) will be used as base certification for values in the research input.Case survey subdivisions of the N3 will be decided upon and N3TC, SANRAL and the DoT ( both topic and provincial ) will be informed of the research survey. Data aggregation and statistical information will be sourced from the relevant governments with anterior consent.This research would necessitatethe reappraisal of current design guidelines the development of an action program to accomplish the research objectives the aggregation of statistical informations ( from SANRAL, N3TC, etc ) and other relevant information elaborate ocular appraisal and rating of the roadway subdivision Falling Weight Deflection ( FWD ) measurings will be performed at 50m intervals instead on the left and right out-of-door wheel paths along the subdivision identified rut and siting quality me asurings will be careful in both wheel waies every bit good as texture deepness along the outside wheel way as portion of the FWD measurings Measurements of the stormwater sheet flow overflow deepnesss will be measured utilizing conventional agencies vehicle kineticss will be physically and theoretically analysed the rating of the effects of assorted options contextualized in geometric design guidelines and campaigner standards taking into consideration the CSD attack andthe readying of extenuating hazards, route safety steps and concluding geometric design standards for superelevation, drainage demands taking into consideration the velocity and vehicle kineticss at sharp/reduced horizontal curves.The accident studies sourced by SANRAL/N3TC/DoT s archives will be of import for the research survey. The possible restrictions could be the persist in recovering these accident studies and ocular appraisals will be carried out as an option.Research aimsThe aim of this research is toana lyse the velocity and vehicle kineticss at crisp horizontal curves develop drainage criterias for flow waies or deepnesss on route surfaces due to superelevation develop superelevation standards for steep classs on crisp horizontal curves by placing and analysing drainage jobs associated design safe roads from a geometric design point of view by taking factors such as clip, cost, quality, CSD into consideration anddevelop an independent computer software hawkshaw to help geometric interior decorators and governments in the civil technology industry.It is noted that other standards associated with the design of horizontal curves such as tangent-to-curve passages, the demand for paving broadening, and minimal curve radii would besides be considered in the development of the standards.The standards will be based on quantitative informations obtained from theoretic considerations and simulations and verified by existent field observation.The identified countries for the existent fiel d observations will be done by going the path and monitoring of the N3. Accident statistics will be indispensable as fact-finding mention for the background of the research survey.Plan of research activitiesActivityThe activities to set about the research proposal will be toexpand literature survey collate statistical informations get permission for design informations from meditate withing technology houses and SANRAL/N3TC/DoT archives coordinate with SANRAL/N3TC with regard to experimental countries identified analyse the design guidelines ( geometric and drainage ) for rural roads fix the roadway mold and simulation for the assorted superelevation standards taking into consideration the drainage demands and vehicle kineticss go the sheet flow way ( hydraulic analysis ) for the drainage demands ( perpendicular class versus route width at sharp/reduced horizontal curves ) the thinking(prenominal) Method will be used Investigate the CSD of route rehabilitation undertakings in r elation to geometric design considerations for future route rehabilitation and major building undertakings ( It is noted that the De Beer s Pass will be constructed as an option to the Van Reenen s Pass ) Analyse research findings and observations utilizing relevant package Synthesize the research findings, observations and consequences andWrite the study.TimeframeThis research would take 18 months to finish.Potential end productsThe possible end products for the research survey will be toReduce or increase the superelevation values or rates, dependent on research end products, with regard to vehicle kineticss and roadway breadths Analyse the drainage flow waies as superelevation rates or values in relation to the drainage demands and vehicle kineticss will find the standards to be adopted for safe driver conditions The velocity versus vehicle kineticss analysis at crisp or decreased horizontal curves will supply suited guidelines for future rehabilitation and road-widening underta kings CSD findings and observations to be adopted in future route rehabilitation and major Reconstruction undertakings andProduce an independent package plan which will be exhaustively researched, tested and developed as a tool for geometric interior decorators and governments in the civil technology industry. This package can be integrated utilizing current technology package utilised by confer withing technology service suppliers, authorities establishments and assorted organisations will be investigated.Research resultsThe result of this research will help design advisers in finding a much easier and safer design attack to plan rehabilitation, road-widening and major building undertakings, by placing job countries and supplying appropriate design values.The recommended standards would be documented in the concluding study and besides presented in a signifier that could be used by assorted governments.Presentations will be made at national and international conferences, seminars or symposiums associating to geometric design of roads. Workshops and talks will be conducted or presented through educational institutes, CESA and other governments in the civil technology industry. The research survey will be published as an article in transit diaries and the research sum-up will be published in several magazines. I am of the sentiment that I envisage national acclamation for the research and part of the research outputs to constructing the cognition base in South Africa.Key mentions and certification11.1 Governments, Institutes and other beginning of mentionDepartment of Transport ( subject area and Provincial ) ( DoT )Road Traffic Management Corporation ( Pty ) Ltd ( RTMC )South African National Roads Agency Limited ( SANRAL )N3 Toll Concession ( Pty ) Ltd ( N3TC )Council for scientific and Industrial Research ( CSIR )Transport Research Board ( TRB )American Society for Civil Engineers ( ASCE )Consulting Engineers South Africa ( CESA )Durban University of Techn ology ( DUT )University of Stellenbosch ( SUN )Aurecon SA ( Pty Ltd ( AURECON )WSP SA Civil and Structural Engineers ( WSP )3D Compu-Systems ( 3DCS )11.2 Design Guidelines and StandardsTechnical Recommendations for Highways ( TRH 17 Geometric Design of Rural Roads Draft 1988 )SANRAL Geometric Design GuidelinesSANRAL Drainage Manual ( 5th Edition to the full revise )Design of Highway Drainage Manual ( FHWA-TS-79-225 )AASHTO A Policy on the Geometric Design of Highways and Streets 5th Edition ( 2004 )

Policies and Procedures for Promoting Positive Behaviour

Policies and procedures for promoting positive demeanor Policy/procedure Summary Self esteem Valuing each tiddlers individuality, Believing that children argon capable of making choices, accepting responsibility and acting accordingly, Behaviour policy Providing opportunities for success, Viewing success in terms of personalized progression rather than being in competition with others, Praising achievements, Promoting the acceptance of others, Clearly demonstrating that we value their work, Building into the curriculum activities which develop the childs big businessman to express his/her feelings, through the sharing circle, co-operative games and Drama. Physical environment Attractive, comfortable well-resourced and well managed scorerooms, Displays of childrens work to show it is highly valued, Tidy and accessible resources demonstrate that children are trusted to organise themselves for work and that they know how to use and ca re for things. Classroom management naturalize must be matched to their ability so that success is workable for all, Children must know what they are doing and why, Classroom rules are devised by children themselves to ensure standards of behaviour, Rules should be few in number, prominently displayed and referred to often, We must set high standards, measure quickly and consistently looking out for and rewarding good behaviour, We must be firm, fair and supportive, Know children as individuals, to be active listeners, to refer to the behaviour rather than the child, Be polite to everyone Code of conduct Talk quietly and listen carefully Always tell the truth Treat others as you would wish well them to treat you Be patient and wait your turn Rewards and sanctions House points The children can earn house points for- Quality of work Good Behaviour An excellent put up of work Being polite, etc. An improving pie ce of work Dinner Supervisors Stickers Dinner supervisors can award stickers for good behaviour during lunchtime. Barney Stickers This is Crooksbarn Schools main method of rewarding positive behaviour. It is used by the class teacher throughout the tame and indicates excellent standards of work and/or behaviour by a child. Only 1 may be awarded each day, the children can wear them for 1 day then they are transferred to a collecting chart displayed in the classroom.Once the child has succeeded in gaining 3 Barnies he/she is awarded a Head Teachers Barney that is presented by the Head Teacher at the whole school assemblage on Monday Mornings. An additional award is given out by the Head Teacher to any child who has gained 9 Barnies during the course of the school year make grow rid of anyone not involved in the conflict as violence thrives on witnesses. Dont put yourself at risk, alert colleagues, enlist their help. relations with confl ict and inappropriate behaviour Asses a situation first. Be calm, dont take it personally. Use verbal intervention first. It may be worsened to add some other person to a gang situation, if it cannot be sorted out and the conflict/inappropriate behaviour goes out of your control call another member of staff and in the worse case scenario call the police. Positively encourage the caring and nurturing side of children whilst openly and actively discourage bullying Work for a caring, cooperative ethos (home corner, paired, group work etc. ) Anti-bullying Discuss friendships this should be covered through PSHE and citizenship scheme of work. However, children should receive regular reminders of this. Ensure adequate command in playgrounds. Value and encourage being different and having high self-esteem. Helping to create a pattern of regular attendance is everybodys responsibility, parents, pupils and all members of school staff, Attendance To help us focus on this we will report to arents/carers annually on their childs attendance with the annual school report, hint the parent/carer if their childs attendance falls below the schools target for attendance, Celebrate good attendance by displaying individual and class achievements, Reward good or improving attendance through class competitions, certificates and outings/events. Every half-day absence from school has to be classified by the school (not the parents), as either AUTHORISED or UNAUTHORISED.This is why information about the cause of any absence is always required, Any periods of leave taken without the agreement of the school, or in excess of that agreed, will be classed as unauthorised and may attract sanctions such as a Penalty Notice. The minimum level of attendance for any child at Crooksbarn School is 90% attendance

Lord of the Flies and Psychology Essay

William Goldings Lord of the Flies, narrates the story of a group of English sons as they struggle to survive on an uncharted, uninhabited island. The boys airplane crashes into the island and extinguishs any adults on board leaving the boys to fend for themselves. Ralph and Piggy meet each other low gear and, upon Piggys counsel, Ralph decides to call a meeting of all the boys by blowing on a conch shell. The boys bustlingly begin to form a society in which they elect Ralph as their leader.A boy called Jack quietly disagrees and believes that he should lead the group. As times passes, Jack and his choir become hunters for the rest of the boys and they begin to enjoy the federal agencys of a predator. As Jack grows more savage, he becomes unhappy with the way that Ralph leads the boys and decides that he will go to the other side of the island and start his own folk. Boys slowly begin to discontinue Ralph to join Jack. The boys become so savage that they kill two boys and they plan to kill Ralph.Just as Jack has cornered Ralph, a naval military officer appears and rescues them all. Golding depicts not only the struggle of the boys to survive, provided also the psychological reasoning that leads the boys to abandon the civilized nature that they know. Through characterization and setting Golding creates in his novel, an beau ideal forum for validating psychological principles introduced by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung. Sigmund Freud was a psychologist who pioneered the thought that the mind contains three different levels, the id, the ego, and the superego.The id bases itself on the pleasure principle it meets basic needs. The id wants a quick satiation of needs and has no comity for the reality of a situation. The ego bases itself on the reality principle, it understands that other people have needs and desires and that impulsiveness or selfishness preserve cause harm in the future. The ego meets the needs of the id, while taking the r eality of the situation into consideration. The Superego develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on a child by influential adults in their lives.One could compare the superego to the conscience, as it dictates belief of right and wrong. Golding acknowledges these different states of consciousness within his novel by victimisation characters to represent each one. For instance, Jack represents the id. Jack never takes into consideration the best thing for the group or himself in the long run and he holds himself accountable to no set of rules or any code of ethics. Bollocks to the rules Were strong we hunt If on that points a sentient being, well hunt it downWell completion in and beat and beat and beat (91). Jack addresses the issue of a beast believed to inhabit the island by filling his thirst for violence and neglecting to take into consideration that confronting a beast will most likely lead to danger. Jacks reasoning involves selfish motives he wants to get rid of the beast, he wants to kill, he does not care that he has potentially placed the others in a dangerous situation, nor does he realize the ludicrousness of the beast, Jack has neglected reality entirely. Piggy represents the ego.He constantly tries to reason with the other boys, when he and Ralph first meet, Piggy understands that the other boys also landed on the island and someone needs to ensure and help them. We got to find the others. We got to do something (14). Piggy also realizes that the boys will most likely stay on the island for a while before someone rescues them if someone ever rescues them at all. Piggy understands the boys while staying in touch with reality and he knows that if he does not find the smaller boys and take care of them, they will die.Piggy comprehends the unassumingness of their predicament and realizes what it will take to keep everyone in order and alive. Simon represents the superego because he adheres to the principles instilled in him by society and civilization. After Jack has killed a pig for the first time, he and his clan approach while chanting, Piggy whimpers and Simon hushed him quickly as though he had spoken too loudly in church service (69). Simons conscience keeps Piggy in line even when dealing with savage Jack.Towards the end of the novel, the other boys savagely murder Simon when the boys kill Simon they also kill their conscience, they kill the rules and implications set upon them in order to keep society civilized and from this point until the boys get rescued their savage nature completely takes everywhere and nought holds them back any longer. Alfred Adler believed that personality difficulties are rooted in a feeling of inferiority. He also believed that people focus on maintaining confine over their lives.Golding shows these ideas in his novel. Piggy, Ralph, and Jack all have issues with inferiority and control, in some way each of them feels inferior and each them strives for control. The o ther boys consider Piggy wanting(p) to them because physically he is not their equal, Piggy realizes that the other boys perceive him this way and tries to make up for it with his intellect and emphasis on the rules, which leads into Piggys control issue he tries to use control to counter act the feeling of being out-classed.Jack always strives for superiority, from the very beginning Jack feels that he should be chief instead of Ralph. Jack crumbles underneath his need to become more superior than Ralph and decides to takes control of his situation and forms his own tribe. Jack tries to control his life by getting his way and convincing other boys to get his way as well. Ralph fears inferiority, leadership thrusts itself upon Ralph but he holds his position in very high regard. As Ralph loses support from his tribe, he loses his superiority and he begins to lose faith in himself and become more nervous.Ralph does not like the loss of control in his tribe or in his life, the signal fire and getting the boys to help him make shelters was so important to him for this reason. Adler studied various types of people and he came to the conclusion that there are the four main types of people The view type that tries to control others, the getting type that tends to go along with others ideas, the avoiding type that tries to isolate themselves to avoid defeat, the socially useful type that values having control over their lives and strive to do good things for the sake of society.Jack represents the ruling type with his demand that the boys do as he says go on the two savages looked at each other, raised their spears together and spoke in time. The chief has spoken (141). Jack thrives off of ruling and absolute power. Sam and Eric fit into the category of the getting type, they tend to go along with and do what others tell them to do. Whenever Ralph is their chief they listen to him and go along with what he says, and then when Jack captures them and takes them to hi s tribe they adhere to his code and do what he says.Sam and Eric follow they do not contribute to creative thought but they willingly take part in its aftermath. Simon represents the avoiding type, he largely keeps to himself, and he goes and finds a secret place where he can sit wholly in the quiet with his thoughts. Ralph represents the socially useful type, he likes to have control of the boys but, unlike Jack he wants them to do things for the betterment of the group. Adlers ideas come to life in Goldings Lord of the Flies.Psychologist Carl Jung believed that symbol creation was a key in understanding human nature. Symbols express something essentially unknown in the best way possible. The boys in Lord of the Flies create a symbol for their fear, at times the boys feel afraid and they cannot exactly express why. The boys create the symbol of the beast because they cannot touch or see their fear and so they imagine a beast that they could touch and see. Whenever Simon recognize s that the thing to fear lies within the boys he also creates a symbol, the Lord of the flies.Jung also believed that the introvert and the extrovert make up the main components of personality. The introvert, like Simon, tends to keep to themselves, and find more interest in ideas than in people. Simon paused. He looked over his shoulder as jack had done at the close ways behind him and glanced quickly around to confirm that he was utterly alone (56). The extrovert however, is outgoing and socially oriented. Both Jack and Piggy fit the description of extroverts because, they both freely express their ideas and long for others to hear and admire them. tally to Jung a person that has a healthy personality can realize these opposite tendencies and can express each. Ralph most closely adheres to Jungs theory or so healthy personality. Ralph has a need for socialization but, he also knows when he needs time for reflection and thought, many times Ralph wishes that he had time to win his thoughts before he had to go and present them in front of the rest of the tribe. When reading Lord of the Flies some readers may miss the latent content and only focus on the manifest.Readers who do not take in deeper psychological nature of the novel would attribute the boys different answer to the island, to differences in personality and background instead of the boys taking on the image of the different levels of consciousness. This reader might think that they could not keep order barely because they are just young boys when their real motives were their subconscious need for superiority. The entire novel deals with the psychological principles set forth by Freud, Adler, and Jung it could be considered a pillowcase study that verifies the very things that these psychologists believed.

Enzymes Laboratory Report

ENZYMES LABORATORY REPORT Introduction The utilization of any complex molecule for energy by an organism is dependent on a process called hydrolysis. Hydrolysis publishs complex molecules into simpler molecules using water. Similarly, the process that is the reverse of this is called evaporation synthesis, which removes water from simpler molecules. However, because hydrolysis occurs very slowly, living organisms use biochemicals called enzymes to speed up the reaction.In this research laboratory exercise, we studied the nature of enzyme actions using live yeast cells as our source of sucrose. The enzyme will then break the sucrose into one molecule of glucose and fructose. Because sucrose is a large molecule that cannot enter most cells, yeast will produce sucrase and secrete it into cell membranes. The sucrose will be hydrolyzed into small six-carbon monosaccharoses which can enter into the cell membranes. The sucrose can be obtained from a 0. 5 percentage dissolver of dry bake rs yeast in water.In parts A and B, the experiment will study the optimal temperature under which the yeast cells degrade sucrose using variable pH and temperature of the environment surrounding the yeast cells. Part C will study the beliefs of positive heat on enzyme use and part D will focus on the saturation menstruation for enzymes using varying subst value densitys. Materials and Procedure See pg 79-82 section Enzymes Experiments in Biology from Chemistry to call down Fifth Edition By Linda R. Van Thiel Results In turn up A. ffect of pH, the results we obtained for resistance 1 was a resolving power twist of orange and a color exertion of 3. For 2 was also orange and color performance of 3. For 3 was orange and a color military action of 3, for 4 was green and a color natural process of 1, and finally for 5 was blue and a color act of 0. From our results, it shows the optimum pH is provide 1-3. The chasteness in this experiment was test underpass 3A, with a p H of 7, as this pH was neutral. In test B. set up of temperature, the optimum temperature is shown on our graph to be two different points (either 24 or 60 degrees).For our results we legitimate a dissolving agent color of blue for tube 1, and a color natural action of 0. For tube 2, we legitimate a resultant role color of orange and a color activity of 3. For tube 3, we receive a firmness color of green and a color activity of 1, for tube 4 we genuine a solution color of orange and a color activity of 3. Finally, for test tube 5, we received a solution color of blue, and a color activity of 0. The highest rates of activity were found in test tubes 2 and 4.The control in this experiment was test tube number 2, which was kept in the temperature environment of 24 C room temperature. In test C. Effect of Denaturation, the drudgeed sucrose and sucrase received sparingly demoralizeed color activities than the non-boiled tube. Shown on graph 8. 3, the graph begins with no mov ement in rate of activity followed by a steady add in the color activity. The results show that test tube 1, which was boiled sucrase and sucrose, had a solution color of green and a color activity of 1. rise tube 2, which contained boiled sucrase had a solution color of green and a color activity of 1, test tube 3, which contained boiled sucrose, had a solution color of orange and a color activity of 3, finally test tube 4, which was neither boiled, had a solution color of red, and a color activity of 4. From the results, the neither boiled tube had the highest color activity. The control in this experiment was test tube 4, which was all told untouched. In test D. Effect if substrate concentration, the higher concentrations of sucrose received a higher color activity.The graph is represented by a constant followed by a steady drop as the concentration of sucrose come downs. The results showed that in test tube 1, which contained 100% of sucrose, the solution color was red and th e solution gained a color activity of 4. In test tube 2, the concentration of sucrose of 50%, and the solution color was also red, which a color activity of 4. In test tube 3, which contained 25% sucrose, the solution color was orange, and had a color activity of 3, in test tube 4, which contained 10% concentration the solution color was green and had a color activity of 1.In the last test tube, which had no concentration of sucrose, the solution color was blue, and had no color activity. The control in this experiment was test tube 5 which contained no sucrose at all. Discussion In the get-go test, the test of the effect of pH, the results show the effect of pH increases the rate of reaction as having a slightly acidic pH will increase the actual reaction while supporting a more basic pH will decrease the reaction. In our results, it shows that the pH reaches an optimum pH of 7 before decrease.The results are not completely accurate, as the first three tubes all had a color activi ty of 3. The actual results should have had a slightly higher color activity for the optimum pH (which would have been from a pH of 5-6) and a lower color activity for the starting and ending pH. Experimental error may be caused by earthy test tubes and slightly inaccurate amounts of solution being placed into test tubes. The second test consisted of the effects of Temperature. Temperature (as represented in graph 8. 2) increases rate of reaction in the enzyme until reaching an optimum point, and then decreasing rapidly.However, in our results, we were accurate until we reached the optimum point, (37 degrees). Instead of this being the highest point for rate of reaction, we obtained a color activity of 1. Because 37 degrees was the optimum temperature, this should have been the highest point and the highest rate of activity. However, we had an experimental error in the form of accidently placing the tertiary tube in the wrong temperature environment. The third test consisted of th e effects of Denaturation. In this test, the tube that showed the highest color activity was tube four because it was not exposed to the higher temperatures.Enzymes that are boiled, or exposed to entire temperatures could change the protein component thus destroying the enzyme. However, by boiling the substrate, the enzymes rate of reaction increases. However in our data, the first and second test tube should have contained no color activity as such extreme temperature would have already destroyed the enzyme. There could have been experimental error in the length it took to boil the test tube as it may not have reached its required amount. The last test consisted of the cause of Sucrose Concentration.By increasing the amount of substrate, the rate of reaction will also increase as it is more likely that substrate molecules are closer to an enzyme molecule. However, this is only true to a certain bounce as demonstrated in the chart. Both test tube 1 (which contains 100% of sucros e) and test tube 2 (which contains 50% of sucrose) have the same color activity despite the significant difference in concentration. This is because the concentration of substrates has reached an approximate saturation point, which is seen in this enzymatic reaction to be 50%.

Language of Politics Essay

Websters Encyclopedia defined vocabulary, from Latin lingua, tongue, as basically the mode by which humans express themselves vocally and communicate with others. It is the expression and communication of emotions or ideas between human macrocosms by means of speech and hearing, the sounds verbalise or heard being systematized and confirmed by usage among a given people over a period of time.1The art of using actors line in much(prenominal) a way that meaning is either limited or produces a impudent connotation, have still one purpose, that is, to manipulate people in believing other concepts or meanings so that people lead not put into bad light or decipher correctly previous actions that have uncomely effects to the environment, to people or to the society.Some people conceptualize that our civilization is degenerating and becoming more degenerate as time passes us by and that our own language must inevitably sh be in the general collapse. As the environment continued t o be destroyed by our reprehensible actions, surely the outcry of language is also one of the characteristics of a decaying society.Ultimately, the decline of language pull up stakes have to be traced to its political and economic ca purposes. Language becomes ugly and inaccurate mainly because our own thoughts have become dull and nonsensical and frivolous. Manipulation of language to cover certain ugly deeds or to paint rosy pictures so as to maintain people support and economic stability is fast becoming the norm in todays e realday communication.In George Orwells Politics and the English Language, two qualities that emerged among the cardinal specimens of the English language as it is habitually written atomic number 18 (1) the staleness of imagery and (2) the lack of precision. He explained that the writer must have a meaning and yet, cannot express it properly or expresses it in such(prenominal)(prenominal) a way that it gives a whole new connotation.The writer might be i ndifferent to what he is saying and doesnt care if he is understood at all. Orwell said that this combination of vagueness ad cut off incompetence is one that is most unmistakably marked in terms of characteristics of modern English prose and of some(prenominal) kind of political writing. As soon as topics for discussion are raised, the concrete become schema and no one seems able to appreciate and speak give-and-takes that is not hackneyed or trite.Orwell enumerated four-spot lavatorys by which prose construction is habitually evaded (1) Dying metaphors assists thought by evoking a visual image scarce also a metaphor that is technically dead (e.g., iron resolution) has in effect, reverted to being an ordinary word and can be apply without loss of vividness, metaphors that are usually apply to save people from inventing new words (e.g., toe the line, stand shoulder to shoulder with, play into the hands of, etc.) (2) Operators or verbal dark limbs saves the trouble of ch oosing appropriate verbs and nouns and at the same time, pad each sentence with extra syllables that gives it an appearance of symmetry (i.e., render inoperative, militate against, serve the purpose of, etc.)(3) Pretentious diction words like phenomenon, element, individual, objective, categorical, liquidate, etc. are used to dress up simple statements and give an air of scientific impartiality to biased judgments. Adjectives such as epoch-making, epic, historic, unforgettable, inevitable, etc. are words used to dignify the sordid process of international political relation and (4) Meaningless words words and passages that are almost lacking in meaning are used (e.g., romantic, plastic, values, human, sentimental, natural, vitality, etc. are usually used in art and literary criticism.2Orwell provided a clear and comminuted explanation as to the means by which people can destroy the usage of language through the four tricks that was enumerated above. Language can be made lively and interesting, and it can be used with nastiness and intention to cloud peoples perception of things and events that may be detrimental to some individuals, groups or organizations.What is language of politics? It is basically a term used to describe political or affable consequences of linguistic differences between people, or on certain occasion, the political consequences of the way a language is spoken and what words are used.3Language, based on early definition, can be a speech of a particular nation or any means of passing on ones thoughts or feelings to others. It is like a person such that over time, it grows and develops, changes as society changes. Often, society (particularly those in politics) uses language or words as weapons. It is used to make someone feel inferior or to suppress something that will be detrimental to someones wellbeing. Language basically defines who we were, what we are and where we are termination (direction). With its power to devastate and it s power to influence, language continually evolves and changes, as the society and the environment changes.4For political leaders, language is consequently a weapon. Creative and apt usage may cause death on political issues or aspirations. It may be used to cover devious acts and horrendous mistakes so that the citizenry will be clueless.Nowadays, an entire art of using language to manipulate citizens knowledge and inputs regarding politics has developed. Language is a great deal used to hide mistakes or to cloud the peoples better judgment. By using lead offing language like jargon, confusing syntax income and hypersensitivity to precise narrow definitions, politicians are able to make people believe in lies or make them act in such a way that will be greatly beneficial to the political position of a candidate.One example of this is when then Secretary of State, black lovage Haig (1981) manipulated words because he was to explain to Congress why a group of Salvadoran soldie rs trained and fitted out(p) by the United States had brutally raped and killed four American nuns. Haid used every language trick imaginable to suggest that the nuns actually got involved in an exchange of fire with the soldiers such that the image of nuns rubbish with soldiers almost obliterated the fact that a crime was committed against the nuns. This is an example of how language can be manipulated to suit the needs of the politicians.5Politicians also mislead its citizenry by using jargon. Jargon refers to the confusing labels that are often attached to things. This is used so that those who are knowledgeable will know precisely what is being referred to. To use it with dishonesty and deceitfulness in mind, jargon is oftentimes used to confuse people with very formal sounding language.One example of this is when a doctor tells a patient that she has sever abdominal muscle distension, encouraging the patient to spend more for her hospitalization, little knowing that it just means she is experiencing cramps. This is oftentimes utilized during wartimes (e.g. during the Gulf War) by politicians to report about targets being serviced which only meant that something possible containing people in it was destroyed.William Lutz, in his book titled Doublespeak, gave other example on the usage of jargon to mislead people. He cited a US$2,043 dollar hexaform rotatable surface compression unit, which suffered dramatically degraded reusable operational life when it underwent catastrophic stress-related shaft detachment. Upon hearing this, people will naturally think that the government should be more careful in buying such units when in actuality, it only meant a nut that has a value that is much too costly for comfort.6Another way of deceiving the people is when politicians use confusing syntax. Syntax basically refers to grammar and certain grammatical structures can be used to misinform and mislead people. One mistake that was covered up by using syntax was th e aborted hostage rescue political campaign in Iran during the hostage crisis of the 1970s. The presidential spokesman dispatched to inform the public of the circumstances explained that something had happened, but cypher really happened, in that location were or were not casualties and the US may or may not have been involved.Lutz came up with another example wherein it shows that politicians try to avoid being pinpointed as the author of bills that invariably raise taxes. Draft tax laws like in the case of a partnership with a taxable year beginning 1 May 1986, if such partnership realized net capital gain during the period beginningthen such partnership may elect to treat each assetas having been distributed to the partners The readers simply put down track of what is being discussed and are left with no choice but to just accept what is being reported.7By using very narrow definitions, politicians are able to effectively deceive people. A politician may apply a rarely used d efinition to mislead or use a term in its strictest sense while everyone else assumed that the more far-ranging definition applied. One example of this is when chair Bill Clinton explained that there is no versed relationship.Americans assumed that his is also referred to the past and that there has never been any sexual relationship when in fact, he meant that literally at that moment, there was no sexual relationship. Another example is when a plane crashed due to a propeller that fell off and was explained in an FAA report as a case of uncontained blade liberation. The horrible effect of incompetence is hence hidden in a term of blade liberation, misleading people to think that nothing untoward happened.Politicians have so much power when they use language in misinformation and deceit. People will just have to be constantly aware when they are being given jargons, syntax and very narrow definitions that are confusing and vague, making them robots that are programmed to accept and believe according to the whims of those who are in the position of power.ReferencesAnderson-Krome, Christopher W. What is Language? Retrieved 30 May 2007 fromhttp//www.sebsteph.com/Professional/Barts%20class/Rankenfall99/candersonkrome.html.Language. Websters International Dictionary. 1998. Trident bear on International, Florida USA.p716.Language politics. Retrieved 30 May 2007 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/language_politics.Orwell, George. Politics and the English Language. 1946. Retrieved 30 May 2007 fromhttp//www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/orwell46.html.Sample Essay. The COC Guide to compose Online Edition. Retrieved 30 May 2007 fromhttp//www.coc.cc.ca.us/departments/ENGLISH/Guide/wizard1_200-599/500-599/517b.html.1 Language. Websters International Dictionary. 1998. Trident Press International, Florida USA. P716.2 Orwell, George. Politics and the English Language. 1946. Retrieved 30 May 2007 from http//www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/orwell46.html.3 Language politics. Retri eved 30 May 2007 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/language_politics.4 Anderson-Krome, Christopher W. What is Language? Retrieved 30 May 2007 from http//www.sebsteph.com/Professional/Barts%20class/Rankenfall99/candersonkrome.html.5 Sample Essay. The COC Guide to Writing Online Edition. Retrieved 30 May 2007 from http//www.coc.cc.ca.us/departments/ENGLISH/Guide/wizard1_200-599/500-599/517b.html.6 Sample Essay. ibid.7 Ibid.